Nokea
Which of the following structures is responsible for transporting food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing?
- A. Tongue
- B. Pharynx
- C. Esophagus
- D. Epiglottis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pharynx is the structure responsible for transporting food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing. When food is chewed and mixed with saliva in the oral cavity, it forms a bolus that is propelled to the pharynx by the tongue. The pharynx serves as a common passageway for both air and food, allowing the bolus to pass into the esophagus while preventing it from entering the trachea. The epiglottis, although important in preventing food from entering the airway, is not directly involved in the transportation of food from the oral cavity to the esophagus.
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The nurse anticipates that which one is prescribed to prevent a common bacterial complication from the dog bite?
- A. Ibuprofen (Motrin)
- B. tetanus toxoid (Tetavax)
- C. ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- D. meperidine (Demerol)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic commonly prescribed for the prevention of bacterial infections that can result from animal bites, such as dog bites. Dog bites are often contaminated with bacteria and can lead to infections, particularly from organisms such as Pasteurella multocida. Ciprofloxacin is effective against a broad range of bacteria, including those commonly found in animal bites, making it a suitable choice for infection prophylaxis in this scenario. Ibuprofen is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory medication, tetanus toxoid is given to prevent tetanus infection, and meperidine is a narcotic analgesic used for pain relief, but none of these options specifically target bacterial prevention in the case of a dog bite.
While Mrs. Mely is on TPN she suddenly complained of slight chest pain, dyspnea and appears cyanotic. You suspect that she is experiencing what possible IMMEDIATE complication?
- A. Sepsis due to IV 1ine
- B. Hyperglycemia.
- C. Air embolism
- D. Allergic reaction to TPN
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The symptoms described in the scenario - chest pain, dyspnea, and cyanosis - are indicative of a potential air embolism. Air embolism occurs when air enters the bloodstream, leading to blockages in blood vessels and impeding oxygen delivery to tissues. In patients receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) through intravenous lines, the risk of air embolism exists during line manipulations, disconnections, or improper priming of the tubing. The sudden onset of symptoms like chest pain and cyanosis in a patient on TPN should raise suspicion for an air embolism, as it requires immediate intervention to prevent further complications such as cardiac arrest or stroke.
In the ethical principle of beneficence, which is the BASIS of every nursing action in all work settings?
- A. Treating all patients selectively.
- B. Informing patients of hospital bills.
- C. Respecting refusal of treatment.
- D. Doing good at all times.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The ethical principle of beneficence, which is the basis of every nursing action in all work settings, emphasizes the importance of doing good at all times for the benefit of the patient. Nurses are expected to act in the best interest of their patients and strive to promote their well-being and welfare. This principle guides nurses to provide care that is compassionate, effective, and in line with the patient's needs and preferences. By prioritizing the good of the patient in all actions and decisions, nurses uphold the principle of beneficence and demonstrate their commitment to promoting positive outcomes for those under their care.
How many years are medico-legal charts stored?
- A. 8 years
- B. 5 years
- C. 10 years after the case is closed
- D. 10 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Medico-legal charts are typically stored for a minimum of 10 years after the case is closed to ensure compliance with legal requirements and to provide a comprehensive record of the medical care provided. This duration allows for potential future reference, follow-up treatment, or legal purposes that may arise within the specified timeframe. It is important to maintain these records for an extended period to protect both the patient's rights and the healthcare provider's accountability. Additionally, storing medico-legal charts for 10 years aligns with standard retention practices in the healthcare industry.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), the biologic marker on which pregnancy tests are based, can be detected in the BLOOD as early as which nber of DAYS after the last menstrual period?
- A. 15
- B. 10
- C. 20
- D. 5
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) can be detected in the blood as early as 10 days after the last menstrual period. This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining. Pregnancy tests detect HCG levels to determine pregnancy status, and the hormone can be detected earlier in the blood compared to urine tests. Detecting HCG in the blood at around 10 days post ovulation is often the earliest point when a blood test can confirm pregnancy.