Nokea
Which of the following structures would be considered retroperitoneal?
- A. pancreas
- B. stomach
- C. jejunum
- D. spleen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pancreas. The pancreas is considered retroperitoneal because it lies behind the peritoneum, specifically in front of the vertebral column. This positioning makes it retroperitoneal, unlike the stomach, jejunum, and spleen, which are intraperitoneal organs located within the peritoneal cavity. The retroperitoneal location of the pancreas helps protect it and provides structural support. It also allows for easier access during surgical procedures, as it is not surrounded by peritoneum on all sides like intraperitoneal organs.
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Contractions that mix material in the small intestine are called
- A. peristalsis.
- B. deglutition.
- C. mass movements
- D. segmental contractions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: segmental contractions. Segmental contractions mix material in the small intestine by contracting and relaxing specific segments of the intestine to mix and move the contents. This process helps with digestion and nutrient absorption.
A: Peristalsis refers to the wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive system, not mixing.
B: Deglutition is the process of swallowing food, not mixing it in the small intestine.
C: Mass movements are large contractions that move material through the large intestine, not the small intestine where mixing occurs.
The alkaline tide occurs when _____ is excreted into the urine.
- A. HCl
- B. H+
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. phosphate ions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. During the alkaline tide, the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) to aid digestion, which leads to an increase in bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood to maintain pH balance. These excess bicarbonate ions are then excreted into the urine, resulting in an alkaline pH. Choice A (HCl) is incorrect because HCl is not excreted into the urine during the alkaline tide. Choice B (H+) is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the process of the alkaline tide. Choice D (phosphate ions) is incorrect as they are not the primary ions excreted to produce an alkaline urine during the alkaline tide.
A 22-year-old patient calls the outpatient clinic complaining of nausea and vomiting and right lower abdominal pain. What should the nurse advise the patient to do?
- A. Use a heating pad to relax the muscles at the site of the pain.
- B. Drink at least 2 quarts of juice to replace the fluid lost in vomiting.
- C. Take a laxative to empty the bowel before examination at the clinic.
- D. Have the symptoms evaluated by a health care provider right away.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the patient is experiencing symptoms that could indicate appendicitis, a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Nausea, vomiting, and right lower abdominal pain are classic signs of appendicitis. Advising the patient to have the symptoms evaluated by a healthcare provider right away is crucial to prevent potential complications like a ruptured appendix.
Choice A is incorrect because using a heating pad may worsen the condition if it is indeed appendicitis. Choice B is incorrect because drinking juice may not address the underlying cause of the symptoms. Choice C is incorrect because taking a laxative is not recommended as it could potentially aggravate the condition.
In summary, choice D is the correct answer as it prioritizes the patient's health and safety by seeking prompt medical evaluation for the concerning symptoms.
What is the priority action when caring for a patient with acute cholecystitis and suspected perforation?
- A. Prepare for surgery immediately.
- B. Administer IV fluids and pain medication.
- C. Administer antibiotics as ordered.
- D. Monitor the patient's vital signs closely for signs of shock.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prepare for surgery immediately. This is the priority action because acute cholecystitis with suspected perforation is a surgical emergency that requires prompt intervention to prevent serious complications such as sepsis. Surgery is needed to remove the inflamed gallbladder and repair any perforation. Administering IV fluids, pain medication, and antibiotics are important supportive measures but do not address the underlying issue. Monitoring vital signs is also crucial, but immediate surgical intervention takes precedence in this critical situation.
In planning a treatment and prevention program of chronic fecal incontinence for an elderly client, which intervention should you try first?
- A. Administer a glycerin suppository 15 minutes before evacuation time.
- B. Insert a rectal tube at specified intervals each day.
- C. Assist the client to the bedpan or toilet 30 minutes after meals.
- D. Use incontinence briefs or adult-sized diapers.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Assist the client to the bedpan or toilet 30 minutes after meals. This intervention is appropriate as it aligns with the natural physiological process of bowel movements after meals, increasing the likelihood of successful evacuation. This timing can help establish a routine and promote regular bowel movements, potentially reducing episodes of fecal incontinence.
Choice A is incorrect because administering a glycerin suppository may not address the underlying cause of fecal incontinence and may not promote regular bowel movements. Choice B is incorrect as inserting a rectal tube is an invasive intervention that should only be considered after less invasive methods have been exhausted. Choice D is incorrect as using incontinence briefs or adult-sized diapers only manages the symptoms without addressing the root cause or promoting bowel regularity.