Nokea
Atrophy of the gastric mucosal glands is likely to result in:
- A. Diminished digestion of starch
- B. Failure of digestion and absorption of proteins
- C. High gastrin levels in the blood
- D. High secretin levels in the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Failure of digestion and absorption of proteins. Atrophy of gastric mucosal glands leads to decreased production of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, essential for protein digestion. This results in impaired breakdown of proteins, leading to failure of digestion and absorption. Choice A is incorrect as starch digestion primarily occurs in the mouth and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect because high gastrin levels are associated with increased acid production. Choice D is incorrect as secretin is not directly involved in protein digestion.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who returns to the floor at lunchtime after undergoing an upper GI (UGI) series. Which action is most important for the nurse to perform first?
- A. Administer a laxative.
- B. Educate the patient about the possibility of white stools.
- C. Offer the patient a small snack.
- D. Provide oral care.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer a laxative. After an upper GI series, it is important to help the patient eliminate the contrast dye used during the procedure. Administering a laxative will facilitate the removal of the dye from the gastrointestinal tract. This is crucial to prevent any potential complications or adverse effects from the contrast dye.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Educating the patient about the possibility of white stools is not the most immediate concern after an upper GI series. While this information is important for the patient to know, it is not the most urgent action to take.
C: Offering the patient a small snack may be appropriate after the procedure, but ensuring the elimination of the contrast dye through a laxative is more critical.
D: Providing oral care is important for overall patient comfort and hygiene, but it is not the priority immediately following an upper GI series.
Which of these digestive processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. chemical digestion of proteins
- B. mechanical digestion of food
- C. chemical digestion of starch
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: chemical digestion of starch. In the mouth, salivary glands secrete enzymes like amylase to break down starch into simpler sugars. This process initiates the digestion of carbohydrates. Mechanical digestion (Choice B) occurs in the mouth through chewing and mixing food with saliva, but it does not involve chemical breakdown. Chemical digestion of proteins (Choice A) primarily occurs in the stomach and small intestine with the help of enzymes like pepsin and trypsin. Choice D is incorrect because not all the processes listed occur in the mouth.
These contractions occur 3 to 4 times a day and involve large parts of the transverse and descending colon. These contractions are called
- A. mass movements.
- B. haustral churning.
- C. the defecation reflex.
- D. teniae coli waves.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mass movements. Mass movements are strong contractions that occur 3 to 4 times a day, moving large amounts of fecal material through the colon. This process involves the transverse and descending colon, which aligns with the description provided in the question. Mass movements help propel waste towards the rectum for elimination.
Choice B, haustral churning, refers to the mixing and propelling actions that occur in the haustra of the colon, not involving large parts of the transverse and descending colon. Choice C, the defecation reflex, is the process that triggers the urge to defecate, not specific contractions involving the colon. Choice D, teniae coli waves, are contractions of the longitudinal muscles of the colon that create the haustra, not the strong propulsive contractions described in the question.
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach?
- A. Amylase
- B. Protease
- C. Lipase
- D. Pepsin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pepsin is the correct answer as it is the enzyme specifically produced by gastric chief cells in the stomach to break down proteins into peptides. It works optimally in the acidic environment of the stomach. Amylase (choice A) breaks down carbohydrates, protease (choice B) refers to a general term for enzymes that break down proteins, and lipase (choice C) breaks down fats, making them incorrect for this question.
Which single statement about fat digestion and absorption is correct?
- A. Absorption of fatty acids in the intestine occurs mainly through FABP and FAT/CD36 transport proteins in the enterocytes of the distal duodenum
- B. After absorption, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) enter the lymphatic system, whereas long chain triglycerides enter the portal blood system.
- C. The products of partial digestion of triglycerides (triacylglycerols) can form mixed micelles with pancreatic cholesterol and phospholipids and this increases absorption
- D. Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) must be emulsified and digested before the fatty acids can be transported
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D (Triglycerides must be emulsified and digested before fatty acids can be transported):
1. Triglycerides are large molecules that cannot be directly absorbed by the intestinal cells.
2. Emulsification breaks down triglycerides into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzyme action.
3. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides by lipases results in the release of fatty acids and monoglycerides.
4. These breakdown products are then absorbed by enterocytes in the small intestine.
Summary of Why Other Choices are Incorrect:
A: FABP and FAT/CD36 proteins are involved in fatty acid transport, not triglyceride digestion.
B: Both medium and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed into the lymphatic system via chylomicrons.
C: While mixed micelles aid in lipid absorption, they are not essential for the initial digestion of triglycerides.