Nokea
The alkaline tide occurs when _____ is excreted into the urine.
- A. HCl
- B. H+
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. phosphate ions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. During the alkaline tide, the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) to aid digestion, which leads to an increase in bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood to maintain pH balance. These excess bicarbonate ions are then excreted into the urine, resulting in an alkaline pH. Choice A (HCl) is incorrect because HCl is not excreted into the urine during the alkaline tide. Choice B (H+) is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the process of the alkaline tide. Choice D (phosphate ions) is incorrect as they are not the primary ions excreted to produce an alkaline urine during the alkaline tide.
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Contractions that mix material in the small intestine are called
- A. peristalsis.
- B. deglutition.
- C. mass movements
- D. segmental contractions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: segmental contractions. Segmental contractions mix material in the small intestine by contracting and relaxing specific segments of the intestine to mix and move the contents. This process helps with digestion and nutrient absorption.
A: Peristalsis refers to the wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive system, not mixing.
B: Deglutition is the process of swallowing food, not mixing it in the small intestine.
C: Mass movements are large contractions that move material through the large intestine, not the small intestine where mixing occurs.
Chemical digestion of starch foods begins in the:
- A. mouth
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, initiates the breakdown of starch into maltose in the mouth. This process marks the beginning of chemical digestion of starch foods. In contrast, the stomach primarily digests proteins, the small intestine further breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, while the large intestine absorbs water and minerals. Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the initial site of starch digestion.
Histamine stimulates the ______ cells to release ______.
- A. parietal; intrinsic factor
- B. chief; pepsinogen
- C. parietal; HCl
- D. mucous neck; mucus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Histamine stimulates the parietal cells in the stomach lining to release hydrochloric acid (HCl). This process plays a crucial role in the digestion of food. Parietal cells are responsible for producing stomach acid, which helps break down food and kill bacteria. Choice A is incorrect because intrinsic factor is not released by parietal cells in response to histamine. Choice B is incorrect because pepsinogen is released by chief cells, not parietal cells. Choice D is incorrect because mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, but they are not directly stimulated by histamine to release mucus.
Which of these digestive processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. chemical digestion of proteins
- B. mechanical digestion of food
- C. chemical digestion of starch
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: chemical digestion of starch. In the mouth, salivary glands secrete enzymes like amylase to break down starch into simpler sugars. This process initiates the digestion of carbohydrates. Mechanical digestion (Choice B) occurs in the mouth through chewing and mixing food with saliva, but it does not involve chemical breakdown. Chemical digestion of proteins (Choice A) primarily occurs in the stomach and small intestine with the help of enzymes like pepsin and trypsin. Choice D is incorrect because not all the processes listed occur in the mouth.
What is the priority action when caring for a patient with acute cholecystitis and suspected perforation?
- A. Prepare for surgery immediately.
- B. Administer IV fluids and pain medication.
- C. Administer antibiotics as ordered.
- D. Monitor the patient's vital signs closely for signs of shock.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prepare for surgery immediately. This is the priority action because acute cholecystitis with suspected perforation is a surgical emergency that requires prompt intervention to prevent serious complications such as sepsis. Surgery is needed to remove the inflamed gallbladder and repair any perforation. Administering IV fluids, pain medication, and antibiotics are important supportive measures but do not address the underlying issue. Monitoring vital signs is also crucial, but immediate surgical intervention takes precedence in this critical situation.