Histamine stimulates the ______ cells to release ______.
- A. parietal; intrinsic factor
- B. chief; pepsinogen
- C. parietal; HCl
- D. mucous neck; mucus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Histamine stimulates the parietal cells in the stomach lining to release hydrochloric acid (HCl). This process plays a crucial role in the digestion of food. Parietal cells are responsible for producing stomach acid, which helps break down food and kill bacteria. Choice A is incorrect because intrinsic factor is not released by parietal cells in response to histamine. Choice B is incorrect because pepsinogen is released by chief cells, not parietal cells. Choice D is incorrect because mucous neck cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, but they are not directly stimulated by histamine to release mucus.
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Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis?
- A. voluntary phase
- B. buccal phase
- C. pharyngeal phase
- D. esophageal phase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: esophageal phase. During the esophageal phase of deglutition, the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis contracts to help propel the bolus of food downwards towards the stomach. This contraction occurs in a coordinated manner to create peristaltic waves that push the food along the esophagus. In contrast, the voluntary phase (A) involves the conscious initiation of swallowing, the buccal phase (B) involves the tongue pushing the bolus towards the pharynx, and the pharyngeal phase (C) involves the initiation of the swallowing reflex and closure of the airway to prevent aspiration.
An individual has the following symptoms: jaundice, pale in color, liver with a buildup of connective tissue. This individual most likely has
- A. gastritis.
- B. pancreatitis.
- C. gall stones.
- D. cirrhosis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cirrhosis. Jaundice, pale skin, and liver with connective tissue buildup are classic symptoms of cirrhosis - a condition characterized by scarring of the liver due to long-term damage. Jaundice occurs when the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes. The pale color can be due to anemia often seen in cirrhosis. The buildup of connective tissue is indicative of fibrosis and scarring in the liver. Gastritis (A) is inflammation of the stomach lining, pancreatitis (B) is inflammation of the pancreas, and gallstones (C) are solid particles that form in the gallbladder. These conditions do not typically present with the combination of symptoms described.
Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin?
- A. Mouth
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mouth. In the mouth, salivary amylase is secreted, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. This initial breakdown of carbohydrates through the enzyme amylase marks the beginning of chemical digestion. The stomach primarily digests proteins, not carbohydrates (eliminating option B). The small intestine is where most of the carbohydrate digestion and absorption occurs, but the process begins in the mouth (eliminating option C). The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, not carbohydrate digestion (eliminating option D).
The nurse is caring for a patient who returns to the floor at lunchtime after undergoing an upper GI (UGI) series. Which action is most important for the nurse to perform first?
- A. Administer a laxative.
- B. Educate the patient about the possibility of white stools.
- C. Offer the patient a small snack.
- D. Provide oral care.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer a laxative. After an upper GI series, it is important to help the patient eliminate the contrast dye used during the procedure. Administering a laxative will facilitate the removal of the dye from the gastrointestinal tract. This is crucial to prevent any potential complications or adverse effects from the contrast dye.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Educating the patient about the possibility of white stools is not the most immediate concern after an upper GI series. While this information is important for the patient to know, it is not the most urgent action to take.
C: Offering the patient a small snack may be appropriate after the procedure, but ensuring the elimination of the contrast dye through a laxative is more critical.
D: Providing oral care is important for overall patient comfort and hygiene, but it is not the priority immediately following an upper GI series.
Bilateral ovarian metastases presenting as tumor masses are most characteristically associated with carcinoma of the:
- A. esophagus
- B. stomach
- C. small intestine
- D. appendix
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, stomach. Ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma are commonly bilateral due to the close anatomical relationship between the stomach and ovaries. Stomach cancer frequently spreads to the ovaries through direct extension or lymphatic dissemination. In contrast, esophageal, small intestine, and appendix carcinomas less commonly metastasize to the ovaries, making choices A, C, and D less likely. Thus, the characteristic bilateral ovarian metastases are most commonly associated with carcinoma of the stomach.