Nokea
Which part(s) of the pharynx normally conduct food?
- A. oropharynx only
- B. oropharynx, laryngopharynx and nasopharynx
- C. nasopharynx only
- D. oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are parts of the pharynx involved in the digestive system.
2. The oropharynx receives food from the mouth, while the laryngopharynx leads to the esophagus.
3. The nasopharynx is not involved in food digestion, it connects to the nasal cavity.
4. The laryngopharynx is crucial in guiding food towards the esophagus.
Summary:
A: Incorrect, as the oropharynx alone does not cover the entire pathway of food.
B: Incorrect, as the nasopharynx is not involved in food passage.
C: Incorrect, as it excludes the laryngopharynx which is essential for food digestion.
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Metabolic rate is high in the following Except:
- A. Pregnancy.
- B. Sleep.
- C. Male than female of the same body surface area.
- D. Walking than resting state.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep. During sleep, the body's metabolic rate decreases as it enters a state of rest and recovery. Pregnancy (A) requires increased energy expenditure for fetal development. Males generally have higher metabolic rates than females (C) due to higher muscle mass. Walking (D) requires more energy than resting, leading to a higher metabolic rate. In summary, sleep is the exception as it lowers metabolic rate compared to the other activities listed.
A nurse is assessing a client who is 3 days postoperative following abdominal surgery and notes the absence of bowel sounds, abdominal distention, and the client passing no flatus. Which of the following conditions should the nurse suspect?
- A. Ulcerative colitis
- B. Cholecystitis
- C. Paralytic ileus
- D. Wound dehiscence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paralytic ileus. After abdominal surgery, the bowel can temporarily stop functioning due to anesthesia, handling of the intestines, or inflammation. This leads to absent bowel sounds, distention, and no flatus passage. Ulcerative colitis (A) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, not related to postoperative findings. Cholecystitis (B) is inflammation of the gallbladder, typically presenting with right upper quadrant pain. Wound dehiscence (D) is the separation of surgical incision edges, not related to bowel function.
Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis?
- A. voluntary phase
- B. buccal phase
- C. pharyngeal phase
- D. esophageal phase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: esophageal phase. During the esophageal phase of deglutition, the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis contracts to help propel the bolus of food downwards towards the stomach. This contraction occurs in a coordinated manner to create peristaltic waves that push the food along the esophagus. In contrast, the voluntary phase (A) involves the conscious initiation of swallowing, the buccal phase (B) involves the tongue pushing the bolus towards the pharynx, and the pharyngeal phase (C) involves the initiation of the swallowing reflex and closure of the airway to prevent aspiration.
What should the nurse plan to teach about to a patient with Crohn's disease who has megaloblastic anemia?
- A. Iron dextran infusions
- B. Oral ferrous sulfate tablets
- C. Routine blood transfusions
- D. Cobalamin (B ) supplements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cobalamin (B ) supplements. Patients with Crohn's disease often have malabsorption issues leading to megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Cobalamin supplements are essential for treating such anemia. Iron dextran infusions (A) and oral ferrous sulfate tablets (B) are used to treat iron deficiency anemia, not megaloblastic anemia. Routine blood transfusions (C) do not address the underlying cause of megaloblastic anemia in Crohn's disease.
In human, the cardiac sphincter surrounds the cardiac orifice in the digestive tract. The failure of this sphincter's normal function will result in
- A. regurgation of the food into the oesophagus
- B. loss of control of defecation
- C. movement of the bolus into the trachea rather than the oesophagus
- D. rapid emptying from the stomach to the small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: regurgitation of the food into the oesophagus. The cardiac sphincter is located at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach. Its main function is to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. If the cardiac sphincter fails to function properly, it can lead to regurgitation, where stomach contents flow back into the esophagus, causing discomfort and potential damage to the esophageal lining.
Summary:
B: Loss of control of defecation is not related to the cardiac sphincter, as it primarily functions in the upper digestive tract.
C: Movement of the bolus into the trachea is related to swallowing reflex and epiglottis function, not the cardiac sphincter.
D: Rapid emptying from the stomach to the small intestine is controlled by the pyloric sphincter, not the cardiac sphincter.