Nokea
The pancreas produces all of the following except which one?
- A. amylase
- B. lipase
- C. insulin
- D. bile
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bile. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase to break down carbohydrates and fats. It also produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Bile, however, is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not by the pancreas. Therefore, the pancreas does not produce bile. This makes option D the correct answer.
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Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin?
- A. Mouth
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Large intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mouth. In the mouth, salivary amylase is secreted, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. This initial breakdown of carbohydrates through the enzyme amylase marks the beginning of chemical digestion. The stomach primarily digests proteins, not carbohydrates (eliminating option B). The small intestine is where most of the carbohydrate digestion and absorption occurs, but the process begins in the mouth (eliminating option C). The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, not carbohydrate digestion (eliminating option D).
Which of the following teaching strategies would the nurse plan for a client with an anal fissure?
- A. Teach the client strategies to relieve diarrhea
- B. Instruct the client to not eat any fiber
- C. Teach the client how to insert a suppository
- D. Teach the client how to apply ice
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teach the client how to apply ice. Applying ice helps reduce inflammation and pain associated with anal fissures. It constricts blood vessels, decreases blood flow, and numbs the area, promoting healing.
A: Teaching strategies to relieve diarrhea is not directly related to managing anal fissures.
B: Instructing the client to not eat any fiber is incorrect because fiber helps soften stools and prevent constipation, which can worsen anal fissures.
C: Teaching the client how to insert a suppository may not be necessary for managing anal fissures unless prescribed by a healthcare provider for specific reasons.
After eating, a patient with an inflamed gallbladder experiences pain caused by contraction of the gallbladder. What is the mechanism responsible for this action?
- A. Production of bile by the liver
- B. Production of secretin by the duodenum
- C. Release of gastrin from the stomach antrum
- D. Production of cholecystokinin by the duodenum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Production of cholecystokinin by the duodenum. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the duodenum in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. It stimulates the gallbladder to contract, causing the release of bile into the small intestine to aid in digestion. This is directly related to the patient's symptoms of gallbladder pain after eating, as the contraction of the gallbladder is triggered by CCK.
A: Production of bile by the liver is not the mechanism responsible for the gallbladder contraction.
B: Production of secretin by the duodenum is involved in regulating the pH of the duodenum, not gallbladder contraction.
C: Release of gastrin from the stomach antrum is related to stomach acid secretion, not gallbladder contraction.
In summary, the correct answer, D, is directly related to the mechanism responsible for gallbladder pain after eating,
An individual has the following symptoms: jaundice, pale in color, liver with a buildup of connective tissue. This individual most likely has
- A. gastritis.
- B. pancreatitis.
- C. gall stones.
- D. cirrhosis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cirrhosis. Jaundice, pale skin, and liver with connective tissue buildup are classic symptoms of cirrhosis - a condition characterized by scarring of the liver due to long-term damage. Jaundice occurs when the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes. The pale color can be due to anemia often seen in cirrhosis. The buildup of connective tissue is indicative of fibrosis and scarring in the liver. Gastritis (A) is inflammation of the stomach lining, pancreatitis (B) is inflammation of the pancreas, and gallstones (C) are solid particles that form in the gallbladder. These conditions do not typically present with the combination of symptoms described.
Which of the following structures would be considered retroperitoneal?
- A. pancreas
- B. stomach
- C. jejunum
- D. spleen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pancreas. The pancreas is considered retroperitoneal because it lies behind the peritoneum, specifically in front of the vertebral column. This positioning makes it retroperitoneal, unlike the stomach, jejunum, and spleen, which are intraperitoneal organs located within the peritoneal cavity. The retroperitoneal location of the pancreas helps protect it and provides structural support. It also allows for easier access during surgical procedures, as it is not surrounded by peritoneum on all sides like intraperitoneal organs.