Nokea
Na and other carrier ions facilitate absorption of
- A. amino acids and fructose
- B. fatty acids and glycerol
- C. fatty acids and glucose
- D. amino acids and glucose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amino acids and glucose. Na ions facilitate the absorption of these molecules in the small intestine through the process of co-transport with carrier proteins. Glucose and amino acids are primarily absorbed in the small intestine to be utilized by the body for energy and growth. Na ions help transport these molecules across the intestinal epithelium against their concentration gradients.
A: Amino acids and fructose - While Na ions do play a role in the absorption of amino acids, fructose is primarily absorbed through facilitated diffusion and does not require Na ions for absorption.
B: Fatty acids and glycerol - Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed in the small intestine through a different mechanism called micelle formation and do not rely on Na ions for absorption.
C: Fatty acids and glucose - While Na ions do play a role in the absorption of glucose, fatty acids are primarily absorbed through micelle formation and do not require Na ions for absorption.
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In discussing long-term management with the patient with alcoholic cirrhosis, what should the nurse advise the patient?
- A. A daily exercise regimen is important to increase the blood flow through the liver.
- B. Cirrhosis can be reversed if the patient follows a regimen of proper rest and nutrition.
- C. Abstinence from alcohol is the most important factor in improvement of the patient's condition.
- D. The only over-the-counter analgesic that should be used for minor aches and pains is acetaminophen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Abstinence from alcohol is the most important factor in improvement of the patient's condition. This is because alcohol is the primary cause of alcoholic cirrhosis, and continued consumption can worsen liver damage. Abstinence allows the liver to heal and potentially improve function.
Explanation of why the other choices are incorrect:
A: A daily exercise regimen is important for overall health but may not specifically increase blood flow through the liver in alcoholic cirrhosis.
B: Cirrhosis is irreversible, although proper rest and nutrition can help manage symptoms and prevent further damage.
D: Acetaminophen can be harmful to the liver in high doses and should be used cautiously in patients with cirrhosis.
What is the function of the gallbladder?
- A. producing bile
- B. storing bile
- C. secreting digestive enzymes
- D. neutralizing stomach acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: storing bile. The gallbladder functions to store bile produced by the liver and release it into the small intestine to aid in digestion. Bile helps in the breakdown of fats. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the gallbladder does not produce bile (the liver does), secrete digestive enzymes (pancreas does), or neutralize stomach acid (function of the stomach and duodenum).
A 22-year-old patient calls the outpatient clinic complaining of nausea and vomiting and right lower abdominal pain. What should the nurse advise the patient to do?
- A. Use a heating pad to relax the muscles at the site of the pain.
- B. Drink at least 2 quarts of juice to replace the fluid lost in vomiting.
- C. Take a laxative to empty the bowel before examination at the clinic.
- D. Have the symptoms evaluated by a health care provider right away.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the patient is experiencing symptoms that could indicate appendicitis, a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Nausea, vomiting, and right lower abdominal pain are classic signs of appendicitis. Advising the patient to have the symptoms evaluated by a healthcare provider right away is crucial to prevent potential complications like a ruptured appendix.
Choice A is incorrect because using a heating pad may worsen the condition if it is indeed appendicitis. Choice B is incorrect because drinking juice may not address the underlying cause of the symptoms. Choice C is incorrect because taking a laxative is not recommended as it could potentially aggravate the condition.
In summary, choice D is the correct answer as it prioritizes the patient's health and safety by seeking prompt medical evaluation for the concerning symptoms.
What is the fate of any excess glucose that goes to the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen?
- A. it is converted into fat
- B. it is converted into protein
- C. it is immediately released back into the bloodstream
- D. it is degraded
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: it is converted into fat. Excess glucose not needed for immediate energy or stored as glycogen is converted into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis in the liver. This occurs when glucose levels are high and glycogen stores are full. The liver converts the excess glucose into fatty acids and then into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue. This process helps regulate blood glucose levels and prevents hyperglycemia.
Other choices are incorrect:
B: Glucose is not directly converted into protein. Proteins are synthesized from amino acids, not glucose.
C: Releasing excess glucose back into the bloodstream would lead to high blood sugar levels, which is not a typical physiological response.
D: Glucose is not simply degraded; it is either used for energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into fat when in excess.
Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of gastric acid?
- A. gastrin
- B. secretin
- C. insulin
- D. cholecystokinin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: gastrin. Gastrin is a hormone produced by G cells in the stomach lining that stimulates the release of gastric acid. It acts directly on parietal cells to increase acid secretion. Secretin (B) stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, not gastric acid. Insulin (C) regulates blood sugar levels, not gastric acid secretion. Cholecystokinin (D) stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes, not gastric acid.