Nokea
Amylase secreted by the salivary glands into the oral cavity starts the digestion of:
- A. Proteins
- B. Lipids
- C. Starch
- D. Amino acids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Starch. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose in the oral cavity. This process is the initial step in carbohydrate digestion. Proteins are primarily digested in the stomach by pepsin. Lipids are broken down by lipase in the small intestine. Amino acids are the end product of protein digestion, not the substrate for amylase. Therefore, the correct answer is C as amylase specifically targets starch for digestion.
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Metabolic rate is high in the following Except:
- A. Pregnancy.
- B. Sleep.
- C. Male than female of the same body surface area.
- D. Walking than resting state.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep. During sleep, the body's metabolic rate decreases as it enters a state of rest and recovery. Pregnancy (A) requires increased energy expenditure for fetal development. Males generally have higher metabolic rates than females (C) due to higher muscle mass. Walking (D) requires more energy than resting, leading to a higher metabolic rate. In summary, sleep is the exception as it lowers metabolic rate compared to the other activities listed.
Which single statement about fat digestion and absorption is correct?
- A. Absorption of fatty acids in the intestine occurs mainly through FABP and FAT/CD36 transport proteins in the enterocytes of the distal duodenum
- B. After absorption, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) enter the lymphatic system, whereas long chain triglycerides enter the portal blood system.
- C. The products of partial digestion of triglycerides (triacylglycerols) can form mixed micelles with pancreatic cholesterol and phospholipids and this increases absorption
- D. Triglycerides (triacylglycerols) must be emulsified and digested before the fatty acids can be transported
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D (Triglycerides must be emulsified and digested before fatty acids can be transported):
1. Triglycerides are large molecules that cannot be directly absorbed by the intestinal cells.
2. Emulsification breaks down triglycerides into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzyme action.
3. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides by lipases results in the release of fatty acids and monoglycerides.
4. These breakdown products are then absorbed by enterocytes in the small intestine.
Summary of Why Other Choices are Incorrect:
A: FABP and FAT/CD36 proteins are involved in fatty acid transport, not triglyceride digestion.
B: Both medium and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed into the lymphatic system via chylomicrons.
C: While mixed micelles aid in lipid absorption, they are not essential for the initial digestion of triglycerides.
Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis?
- A. voluntary phase
- B. buccal phase
- C. pharyngeal phase
- D. esophageal phase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: esophageal phase. During the esophageal phase of deglutition, the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis contracts to help propel the bolus of food downwards towards the stomach. This contraction occurs in a coordinated manner to create peristaltic waves that push the food along the esophagus. In contrast, the voluntary phase (A) involves the conscious initiation of swallowing, the buccal phase (B) involves the tongue pushing the bolus towards the pharynx, and the pharyngeal phase (C) involves the initiation of the swallowing reflex and closure of the airway to prevent aspiration.
After several days of antibiotic therapy for pneumonia, an older hospitalized patient develops watery diarrheWhich action should the nurse take first?
- A. Notify the health care provider.
- B. Obtain a stool specimen for analysis.
- C. Teach the patient about hand washing.
- D. Place the patient on contact precautions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, placing the patient on contact precautions. This is important because the patient has developed watery diarrhea after antibiotic therapy, which could indicate a Clostridium difficile infection. Placing the patient on contact precautions helps prevent the spread of this highly contagious infection to other patients and healthcare workers. It is the first priority to ensure the safety of others in the healthcare setting.
A: Notifying the health care provider can be done after placing the patient on contact precautions.
B: Obtaining a stool specimen for analysis is important but should be done after initiating contact precautions.
C: Teaching the patient about hand washing is important for infection control but is not the first priority when dealing with a potential infectious disease outbreak.
Which of the following will have the greatest implication on a client scheduled for a percutaneous liver biopsy?
- A. History of coagulation studies
- B. Allergy to iodine
- C. Family history of GI disorders
- D. Presence of radioactive material in the work environment
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: History of coagulation studies. This is because coagulation studies assess the client's ability to form blood clots, which is crucial for a percutaneous liver biopsy to prevent excessive bleeding. It helps determine the risk of bleeding complications during the procedure.
Choice B, Allergy to iodine, is incorrect because an allergy to iodine is more relevant in procedures involving contrast media, not typically in percutaneous liver biopsies.
Choice C, Family history of GI disorders, is incorrect as it does not directly impact the client's safety or outcome during a percutaneous liver biopsy.
Choice D, Presence of radioactive material in the work environment, is also incorrect as it is not directly related to the procedure or its implications on the client's safety during a percutaneous liver biopsy.