Nokea
What causes the systemic effects of viral hepatitis?
- A. Cholestasis
- B. Impaired portal circulation
- C. Toxins produced by the infected liver
- D. Activation of the complement system by antigen-antibody complexes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct: Activation of the complement system by antigen-antibody complexes leads to systemic effects in viral hepatitis. This process triggers inflammation, tissue damage, and immune responses that contribute to the systemic effects seen in viral hepatitis. The other choices (A, B, and C) do not directly cause systemic effects in viral hepatitis. Cholestasis and impaired portal circulation are more localized effects, while toxins produced by the infected liver may contribute to liver damage but not necessarily systemic effects.
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What is the fate of any excess glucose that goes to the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen?
- A. it is converted into fat
- B. it is converted into protein
- C. it is immediately released back into the bloodstream
- D. it is degraded
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: it is converted into fat. Excess glucose not needed for immediate energy or stored as glycogen is converted into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis in the liver. This occurs when glucose levels are high and glycogen stores are full. The liver converts the excess glucose into fatty acids and then into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue. This process helps regulate blood glucose levels and prevents hyperglycemia.
Other choices are incorrect:
B: Glucose is not directly converted into protein. Proteins are synthesized from amino acids, not glucose.
C: Releasing excess glucose back into the bloodstream would lead to high blood sugar levels, which is not a typical physiological response.
D: Glucose is not simply degraded; it is either used for energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into fat when in excess.
Eleanor, a 62 y.o. woman with diverticulosis is your patient. Which interventions would you expect to include in her care?
- A. Low-fiber diet and fluid restrictions.
- B. Total parenteral nutrition and bed rest.
- C. High-fiber diet and administration of psyllium.
- D. Administration of analgesics and antacids.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct as high-fiber diet helps prevent diverticulitis episodes. Psyllium adds bulk to stool, reducing strain on the colon. A is incorrect as low-fiber diet worsens diverticulosis. B is inappropriate as TPN is not first-line and bed rest can worsen symptoms. D is incorrect as analgesics and antacids do not address the underlying cause.
Which of the following teaching strategies would the nurse plan for a client with an anal fissure?
- A. Teach the client strategies to relieve diarrhea
- B. Instruct the client to not eat any fiber
- C. Teach the client how to insert a suppository
- D. Teach the client how to apply ice
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teach the client how to apply ice. Applying ice helps reduce inflammation and pain associated with anal fissures. It constricts blood vessels, decreases blood flow, and numbs the area, promoting healing.
A: Teaching strategies to relieve diarrhea is not directly related to managing anal fissures.
B: Instructing the client to not eat any fiber is incorrect because fiber helps soften stools and prevent constipation, which can worsen anal fissures.
C: Teaching the client how to insert a suppository may not be necessary for managing anal fissures unless prescribed by a healthcare provider for specific reasons.
Metabolic rate is high in the following Except:
- A. Pregnancy.
- B. Sleep.
- C. Male than female of the same body surface area.
- D. Walking than resting state.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep. During sleep, the body's metabolic rate decreases as it enters a state of rest and recovery. Pregnancy (A) requires increased energy expenditure for fetal development. Males generally have higher metabolic rates than females (C) due to higher muscle mass. Walking (D) requires more energy than resting, leading to a higher metabolic rate. In summary, sleep is the exception as it lowers metabolic rate compared to the other activities listed.
A 22-year-old patient calls the outpatient clinic complaining of nausea and vomiting and right lower abdominal pain. What should the nurse advise the patient to do?
- A. Use a heating pad to relax the muscles at the site of the pain.
- B. Drink at least 2 quarts of juice to replace the fluid lost in vomiting.
- C. Take a laxative to empty the bowel before examination at the clinic.
- D. Have the symptoms evaluated by a health care provider right away.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the patient is experiencing symptoms that could indicate appendicitis, a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. Nausea, vomiting, and right lower abdominal pain are classic signs of appendicitis. Advising the patient to have the symptoms evaluated by a healthcare provider right away is crucial to prevent potential complications like a ruptured appendix.
Choice A is incorrect because using a heating pad may worsen the condition if it is indeed appendicitis. Choice B is incorrect because drinking juice may not address the underlying cause of the symptoms. Choice C is incorrect because taking a laxative is not recommended as it could potentially aggravate the condition.
In summary, choice D is the correct answer as it prioritizes the patient's health and safety by seeking prompt medical evaluation for the concerning symptoms.