Nokea
Which of the following symptoms is associated with AIDS-related distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP)?
- A. Staggering gait and muscle incoordination
- B. Abnormal sensations such as burning and numbness
- C. Delusional thinking
- D. Incontinence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) in AIDS patients often presents with abnormal sensations like burning and numbness in the extremities.
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The type of immunological protection provided by plasma therapy is
- A. Natural active
- B. Natural passive
- C. Artificial active
- D. Artificial passive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificial passive. Plasma therapy involves administering preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific pathogen. This is considered artificial passive immunity because the antibodies are obtained from an external source rather than being produced by the individual's immune system.
Explanation:
1. Natural active immunity (Choice A) is when the body produces its antibodies after exposure to a pathogen, which is not the case in plasma therapy.
2. Natural passive immunity (Choice B) is when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or through breast milk, not obtained through plasma therapy.
3. Artificial active immunity (Choice C) involves vaccination to stimulate the body's immune response, which is different from plasma therapy.
In summary, the correct answer is D (Artificial passive) because plasma therapy provides immediate immunity through externally sourced antibodies, distinguishing it from the other types of immunological protection.
The annotation B refers to which DNA component?
- A. Recombinant DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Vector DNA
- D. Insert DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vector DNA. In genetic engineering, a vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Plasmid DNA (choice B) is a type of vector, but not all vectors are plasmids. Recombinant DNA (choice A) refers to DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different sources. Insert DNA (choice D) is the foreign genetic material that is inserted into a vector. Therefore, the most specific and accurate choice is C, Vector DNA, as it encompasses all types of vectors used in genetic engineering.
Hfr strains of bacteria:
- A. do not have an 'F' (fertility) factor.
- B. have an 'F' factor plasmid.
- C. have an 'F' factor integrated in the bacterial chromosome.
- D. transfer the genetic information to other bacteria with ow frequency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Hfr strains of bacteria have the F factor integrated into their bacterial chromosome. This integration allows for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation. This integration results in a high frequency of genetic information transfer to recipient cells, which is a characteristic of Hfr strains.
Choice A is incorrect because Hfr strains do have the F factor, but it is integrated into their chromosome, not absent. Choice B is incorrect because Hfr strains do not just have an F factor plasmid; it is integrated into the chromosome. Choice D is incorrect because Hfr strains actually transfer genetic information with high frequency, not low frequency.
Which immunoglobulins will initially protect a newborn baby of a breastfeeding mother (select all that apply)?
- A. IgA
- B. IgD
- C. IgE
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IgA is transferred through breast milk and provides mucosal immunity, while IgG crosses the placenta during pregnancy to provide systemic protection.
What is one of the immune system's critical functions in cancer?
- A. Promoting cell growth
- B. Fighting cancer by targeting abnormal cells
- C. Enhancing pathogen resistance
- D. Stimulating autoimmune responses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fighting cancer by targeting abnormal cells. The immune system plays a crucial role in cancer by identifying and eliminating abnormal cells that can develop into tumors. This process is known as immunosurveillance. Through mechanisms like T cells and natural killer cells, the immune system can detect and destroy cancerous cells before they can grow and spread. This function is essential in preventing the development and progression of cancer.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: Promoting cell growth - The immune system does not promote cell growth in cancer; rather, it regulates and suppresses the growth of abnormal cells.
C: Enhancing pathogen resistance - While the immune system does enhance resistance against pathogens, this is not its critical function in cancer.
D: Stimulating autoimmune responses - Autoimmune responses involve the immune system attacking healthy cells, not targeting cancerous cells.