Nokea
Which of the following symptoms is the first sign of aortic regurgitation?
- A. Water-hammer pulse
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Flushed skin
- D. Heart murmur
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A water-hammer pulse is an early sign of aortic regurgitation due to backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
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Which factor is most closely associated with successful smoking cessation?
- A. Enrollment in a short-term support group.
- B. Lack of reliance on nicotine gum as a secondary intervention.
- C. Preparation of a plan to deal with potential relapses.
- D. Reliance on a single intervention.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Having a plan to address potential relapses is crucial for long-term success in smoking cessation.
The client on spironolactone (Aldactone) has a potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer potassium supplements.
- C. Continue the spironolactone as ordered.
- D. Increase the dose of spironolactone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider. A potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L is elevated (normal range is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L). Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, so the priority action is to hold the medication to prevent further elevation of potassium levels, which can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Notifying the healthcare provider is crucial for further management. Administering potassium supplements (B) would further increase potassium levels. Continuing spironolactone as ordered (C) would exacerbate hyperkalemia. Increasing the dose of spironolactone (D) would be contraindicated in this situation.
Two months after Mr. Edwards' myocardial infarction, which goal assumes highest priority?
- A. Having his wife perform most of his activities of daily living
- B. Following a weight-reduction diet
- C. Developing a physical-conditioning program
- D. Assisting him to prepare for retirement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical conditioning promotes long-term health.
Which of the following is a type of heart valve disease where the aortic valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body?
- A. Aortic stenosis
- B. Mitral stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, impeding blood flow from the heart to the body, leading to symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Mitral stenosis involves narrowing of the mitral valve, affecting blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle.
C: Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve leaks, causing blood to flow backward into the heart.
D: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, unrelated to aortic valve narrowing.
Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing?
- A. Asthma
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Pneumonia
- D. Emphysema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A: Asthma is the correct answer because it is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. This condition is often triggered by various factors such as allergens, exercise, or respiratory infections. Asthma involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to the symptoms mentioned.
B: Bronchitis is incorrect as it refers to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be acute or chronic, but it does not typically present with all the symptoms listed in the question.
C: Pneumonia is incorrect as it is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and does not typically cause chronic inflammation of the airways.
D: Emphysema is incorrect as it is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing, but it does not typically present