Nokea
Which of the following types of cancers has a genetic predisposition to its occurrence?
- A. Lung
- B. Breast
- C. Cervix
- D. Testicles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Breast cancer's gene link BRCA flags it sets it apart; lung's smoke-driven, cervix HPV-tied, testicles less inherited. Nurses spot this heredity, a chronic risk trigger for screening, not just chance.
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Strategies to overcome barriers and challenges faced in insulin therapy include the following EXCEPT:
- A. Close supervision for the patient's first jab
- B. Threaten patient into adherence with insulin therapy
- C. Engage patient from the start
- D. Offer the least painful options currently available in the market
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin wins guide first shots, engage early, ease pain, set sharp goals; threats flop, breed resentment. Nurses coach this chronic game, not bully.
As per Johnson and Chang (2014) which of the following is not a component of the Chronic Care Model?
- A. Person centred care
- B. Population health approach
- C. Community setting, collaborative across both primary and secondary care
- D. Reactive, symptom driven
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Chronic Care Model thrives on proactive pillars person-centered focus, population health, and community-primary-secondary teamwork aiming to preempt, not just patch, chronic woes. Reactive, symptom-driven care's old-school, clashing with this forward lean. Nurses ditch that lag, embracing prevention, a model shift for chronic mastery.
An oncology nurse educator is providing health education to a patient who has been diagnosed with skin cancer. The patient's wife has asked about the differences between normal cells and cancer cells. What characteristic of a cancer cell should the educator cite?
- A. Malignant cells contain more fibronectin than normal body cells
- B. Malignant cells contain proteins called tumor-specific antigens
- C. Chromosomes contained in cancer cells are more durable and stable than those of normal cells
- D. The nuclei of cancer cells are unusually large, but regularly shaped
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cancer cells sport tumor-specific antigens (e.g., CEA) proteins marking them as rogue, unlike normal cells. Fibronectin's less in malignant cells, aiding their slipperiness. Chromosomes are fragile and jumbled (aneuploidy), not stable. Nuclei are big and wonky (pleomorphic), not regular. Nurses in oncology education lean on this antigen trait it's why tests spot cancer and therapies target it, a clear line from normal to malignant.
The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation.
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases.
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible.
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma and COPD both feature airflow obstruction, but their pathophysiology diverges critically. Both have limitation, but asthma's is intermittent and reversible with bronchodilators due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation (e.g., eosinophilic), per Farrell (2017). COPD's abnormal inflammatory response to noxious stimuli (e.g., smoking) causes progressive, irreversible damage (e.g., neutrophilic, emphysema), not asthma's profile. Reversibility defines asthma spirometry normalizes post-treatment unlike COPD's fixed obstruction (FEVâ‚/FVC <0.7 persists). Both are obstructive diseases, but this isn't the distinguishing feature. Asthma's reversible limitation stems from smooth muscle spasm and mucosal edema, responsive to therapy, contrasting COPD's structural loss (alveolar destruction), making this the key differential in clinical management and prognosis.
Which is not a differential diagnosis for tetanus?
- A. strychnine poisoning
- B. dystonic reactions
- C. quinsy
- D. rabies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tetanus mimics strychnine, dystonia, rabies flex muscles; cyanide gasps, quinsy's throat, not spasms. Nurses sift this chronic stiffness list.