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Which of the following viruses could be reactivated under immunosuppressive therapy?
- A. Virus Parotitidis
- B. Rubella virus
- C. Influenza A
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "None of the above," because viruses like Parotitidis (mumps), Rubella, and Influenza A are not typically associated with reactivation under immunosuppressive therapy. Reactivation is more commonly seen in latent viruses like herpesviruses (e.g., herpes simplex, varicella-zoster), cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. These viruses can remain dormant in the body and reactivate when the immune system is compromised. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as the viruses mentioned in choices A, B, and C do not fit the criteria for reactivation under immunosuppressive therapy.
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Disinfection with chemicals acting on cell surface:
- A. Soaps
- B. Phenols
- C. Amines
- D. Polymyxin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phenols. Phenols act on the cell surface by disrupting cell membranes and denaturing proteins, leading to cell death. Soaps (A) work by lifting dirt and microbes off surfaces, not directly acting on cell surfaces. Amines (C) are typically used as disinfectants targeting specific enzymes in microbes, not cell surfaces. Polymyxin (D) is an antibiotic that works by disrupting cell membranes internally, not on the cell surface.
Prophylaxis of smallpox and revaccination is performed:
- A. Every year after the first vaccine
- B. Every second year
- C. Every three years
- D. No revaccination is needed, just the initial vaccine is enough
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because smallpox vaccination provides long-lasting immunity, often for a lifetime. Revaccination is not necessary as the initial vaccine confers sufficient protection. Choice A is incorrect because yearly revaccination is unnecessary and excessive. Choice B and C are also incorrect as there is no need for revaccination every second or third year. The key is to understand that smallpox vaccination typically provides lifelong immunity, making ongoing revaccination unnecessary.
An 18-year-old patient has developed candidiasis after the case of pneumonia treated with β-lactam antibiotic. What antimycotic agent should be prescribed?
- A. Fluconazole
- B. Streptomycin
- C. Phthalylsulfathiazole
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fluconazole.
1. Fluconazole is an antifungal agent effective against Candida species commonly causing candidiasis.
2. Streptomycin (B) is an antibiotic used for bacterial infections, not fungal.
3. Phthalylsulfathiazole (C) is an antibacterial agent, not antifungal.
4. Ampicillin (D) is a β-lactam antibiotic, which can actually contribute to fungal infections like candidiasis.
Which structure in bacteria is used for attachment to surfaces?
- A. Flagella
- B. Fimbriae
- C. Pili
- D. Capsule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fimbriae. Fimbriae are short, hair-like appendages on the surface of bacteria that help in attachment to surfaces. They aid in colonization and biofilm formation. Flagella (A) are used for motility. Pili (C) are longer appendages used for conjugation and adherence to other cells. Capsules (D) are protective structures that aid in evading the host immune system, not necessarily for attachment.
After consumption some tinned meat a patient had diplopia, acute headache, deglutition disorder, hard breathing, muscle weakness. The diagnosis was botulism. What factor of pathogenicity are the clinic presentations of this disease connected with?
- A. Exotoxin B.Hemolysin C.Endotoxin D.Plasmocoagulase E.Fibrinolysin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Exotoxin. Botulism is caused by the exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. The symptoms described - diplopia, acute headache, deglutition disorder, hard breathing, muscle weakness - are all consistent with botulism due to the neurotoxic effects of the exotoxin. The exotoxin interferes with neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis and the symptoms mentioned. The other choices (B, C, D, E) are incorrect as they do not correspond to the pathogenic mechanism of botulism and do not explain the specific clinical manifestations observed in this case.