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Which of the following viruses does not belong to family Paramyxoviridae:
- A. Measles virus
- B. Respiratory syncytial virus
- C. Mumps virus
- D. Rubella virus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rubella virus. Rubella virus does not belong to the family Paramyxoviridae because it belongs to the Togaviridae family. The other choices, A (Measles virus), B (Respiratory syncytial virus), and C (Mumps virus) are all members of the Paramyxoviridae family. This classification is based on the genetic and structural characteristics of the viruses. Rubella virus is distinct in its genetic composition and replication cycle compared to the Paramyxoviridae family, making it the correct choice.
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Which one of the following statements about Rickettsiae is true?
- A. They do not form spores, capsules and flagella
- B. They have slim glycocalyx layer
- C. They have bipolar fimbriae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria, hence they do not form spores, capsules, or flagella.
2. They have a slim glycocalyx layer, aiding in attachment to host cells.
3. Bipolar fimbriae are structures that help in adhesion to host cells.
Therefore, all statements (A, B, and C) are true for Rickettsiae, making option D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the characteristics of Rickettsiae.
A 35-year-old patient has been admitted to a hospital for pain in the left sternoclavicular and knee joints, lumbar area. The disease has an acute character and is accompanied by fever up to 38oC. Objectively: the left sternoclavicular and knee joints are swollen and painful. In blood: WBCs - 9, 5x109/l, ESR - 40 mm/h, CRP - 1,5 millimole/l, fibrinogen - 4,8 g/l, uric acid - 0,28 millimole/l. Examination of the urethra scrapings reveals chlamydia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Reiter's syndrome
- B. Rheumatic arthritis
- C. Gout
- D. Bechterew's disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most likely diagnosis is Reiter's syndrome. This is suggested by the presence of joint pain, fever, elevated ESR and CRP levels, and chlamydia infection. Reiter's syndrome is a reactive arthritis triggered by an infection elsewhere in the body, such as chlamydia. The patient's symptoms of joint pain and swelling, along with the positive chlamydia test, support this diagnosis. Rheumatic arthritis (Choice B) is not associated with chlamydia infection, making it less likely. Gout (Choice C) typically presents with elevated uric acid levels, which are normal in this case. Bechterew's disease (Choice D) primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, not the sternoclavicular and knee joints as seen in this patient.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with the disease known as whooping cough?
- A. Bordetella pertussis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough.
2. It secretes toxins that damage the respiratory tract.
3. Symptoms include severe coughing fits and the characteristic "whoop" sound.
4. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, not whooping cough.
5. Haemophilus influenzae causes various infections, not whooping cough.
6. Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections, not whooping cough.
There is/are __________ level(s) of biosafety depending on the organisms handled.
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (4) because biosafety levels range from 1 to 4, each corresponding to the level of containment required when handling different types of organisms. BSL-1 is for low-risk agents, while BSL-4 is for dangerous pathogens. Choice A (1) is incorrect as there are multiple levels, not just one. Choice B (2) and C (3) are incorrect as they do not account for all the levels of biosafety required for handling various organisms. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it encompasses the full range of biosafety levels.
What drug is more advisable for the patient with amebic dysentery?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Pyrantel
- C. Levamisole
- D. Bicillin-5
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for amebic dysentery as it effectively targets the protozoa causing the infection. It has good tissue penetration and high efficacy against Entamoeba histolytica. Pyrantel (B) is used for nematode infections, not amebiasis. Levamisole (C) is an anthelmintic for roundworms and not effective against amoebas. Bicillin-5 (D) is a penicillin antibiotic, which is not indicated for treating amebic dysentery.