Nokea
Which of these enzymes is responsible for digesting proteins?
- A. amylase
- B. lipase
- C. trypsin
- D. sucrase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: trypsin. Trypsin is responsible for digesting proteins as it specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Amylase (A) digests carbohydrates, lipase (B) breaks down fats, and sucrase (D) digests sucrose, a type of sugar. Trypsin is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in protein digestion in the small intestine. Its specificity for proteins makes it the correct enzyme for this function.
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The family members of a patient with hepatitis A ask if there is anything that will prevent them from developing the disease. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. No immunization is available for hepatitis A, nor are you likely to get the disease.'
- B. All family members should receive the hepatitis A vaccine to prevent or modify the infection.'
- C. Those who have had household or close contact with the patient should receive immune globulin.'
- D. Only those individuals who have had sexual contact with the patient should receive immunization.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Those who have had household or close contact with the patient should receive immune globulin. This is because immune globulin can provide passive immunity to those exposed to hepatitis A, reducing the risk of developing the disease. Hepatitis A vaccine is not effective post-exposure, so it would not prevent disease in this scenario (option B). Option A is incorrect as there is a vaccine available for hepatitis A. Option D is incorrect because hepatitis A is primarily transmitted through fecal-oral route, not sexual contact.
Treatment of the patient with appendicitis includes:
- A. Transfusion to replace blood loss.
- B. Bowel prep for cleansing.
- C. Surgical removal of appendix.
- D. Medications to lower pH within the stomach.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Surgical removal of appendix. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, which requires surgical intervention (appendectomy) to prevent rupture and potential life-threatening complications. Transfusion (A) is not a standard treatment for appendicitis unless severe bleeding occurs post-surgery. Bowel prep (B) is unnecessary for appendicitis treatment as it is not related to colon cleansing. Medications to lower stomach pH (D) are used to treat conditions like acid reflux, not appendicitis. In summary, surgical removal of the inflamed appendix is the definitive treatment for appendicitis to prevent complications.
Which of the following statements correctly describes GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)?
- A. GABA is released at the presynaptic terminal to inhibit dopamine release
- B. GABA is released by GABA neurons and blocks propagation of the dopamine-triggered signal in the post synapse
- C. heroin and morphine stimulate GABA release
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Choice B is correct because GABA is indeed released by GABA neurons and acts to inhibit the propagation of signals triggered by dopamine in the post-synaptic neuron. GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Choices A and C are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate because GABA inhibits the release of dopamine, not the other way around. Choice C is incorrect as heroin and morphine act on opioid receptors, not GABA receptors. Choice D is incorrect because not all statements are true.
Which of the following statements regarding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in humans is NOT TRUE?
- A. SNPs occur at a frequency of about once every 300 nucleotides
- B. they are a rare source of genetic polymorphisms
- C. a polymorphism leading to increased IL-6 expression is associated with greater mortality
- D. none of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because SNPs are actually a common source of genetic polymorphisms, occurring frequently in the human genome. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide base and are estimated to occur once every 300 nucleotides. Choice A is incorrect because of this high frequency. Choice C is also incorrect as certain SNPs can indeed impact gene expression and health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because B is not true, making the statement false. In summary, B is the correct answer as SNPs are not rare but rather common genetic variations in humans.
A nurse is instructing a client who has GERD about positions that can help minimize the effects of reflux during sleep. Which of the following statements indicates to the nurse that the client understands the instructions?
- A. I will lie on my left side to sleep at night.'
- B. I will lie on my right side to sleep at night.'
- C. I will sleep on my back with my head flat.'
- D. I will sleep on my stomach with my head flat.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "I will lie on my left side to sleep at night." This position helps prevent acid from flowing back into the esophagus due to the angle of the stomach in relation to the esophagus. Lying on the right side can worsen reflux. Sleeping on the back with the head flat can also worsen symptoms as gravity can allow acid to flow back up. Sleeping on the stomach with the head flat is not recommended as it can put pressure on the stomach, leading to increased reflux.