Nokea
Which of these is not an endocrine gland?
- A. Pancreas.
- B. Testes.
- C. Salivary gland.
- D. Parathyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.
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Obesity:
- A. antagonizes insulin.
- B. elevates blood glucose levels.
- C. increases blood pressure.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because obesity can lead to insulin resistance, which antagonizes insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels. Additionally, obesity is associated with increased risk of hypertension, leading to increased blood pressure. Therefore, all choices are applicable in describing the effects of obesity on the body.
A patient presents with polyuria and thirst. There appears to be no elevation of glucose in the body, however, the serum osmolality appears to be low. Upon performing the water deprivation test, the osmolatity is still low. Which of the following is true?
- A. The problem is in the pituitary
- B. The problem is in the kidneys
- C. The patient has diabetes mellitus
- D. The patient has high ADH in the serum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The problem is in the kidneys. In this scenario, the low serum osmolality despite water deprivation indicates the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to excessive loss of water. This condition is known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Choice A is incorrect as pituitary dysfunction would result in high serum osmolality due to lack of ADH. Choice C is incorrect as diabetes mellitus would show high glucose levels. Choice D is incorrect as high ADH in the serum would lead to concentrated urine and high serum osmolality.
Salbutamol is used to treat:
- A. Angina pectoris
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Hypertension
- D. Cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salbutamol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist that relaxes smooth muscles in the airways, making it an effective treatment for bronchial asthma by relieving bronchospasm and improving airflow. It is not used for angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias as these conditions do not involve bronchial constriction.
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
- A. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
- B. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
- C. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized
- D. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes, leading to a cascade of signaling events that can trigger multiple responses in a cell. This process amplifies and diversifies the cellular response to hormones.
A: Choice A is incorrect because the number of receptors on the cell membrane does not directly relate to the ability of hormones to elicit multiple responses.
B: Choice B is incorrect because receptors typically bind to one hormone molecule at a time, not multiple hormones simultaneously.
C: Choice C is incorrect because the rapid metabolism of protein kinases does not directly explain why hormones can elicit multiple responses in a cell.
Which is true of dark (red) muscle?
- A. This muscle is optimized for endurance training
- B. There is less mitochondria in this muscle
- C. This muscle contains more fast-twitch fibers
- D. This muscle contains an equal amount of fast and slow twitch fibers
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: This muscle is optimized for endurance training. Dark (red) muscle contains more myoglobin, which stores oxygen and enhances endurance performance. This muscle type is rich in mitochondria, allowing for sustained energy production. Choice B is incorrect because dark muscle actually has more mitochondria. Choice C is incorrect because dark muscle contains more slow-twitch fibers, which are fatigue-resistant and contribute to endurance. Choice D is incorrect because dark muscle predominantly consists of slow-twitch fibers, making it optimized for endurance rather than speed.