Nokea
Which one is FALSE:
- A. Tissue samples and aspirations are better specimens than the swabs for diagnosis of skin and soft tissue infections
- B. To prove anaerobic agents. The specimen should be collected from the surface of the wound.
- C. The skin rash in some infections is due to the excessive production
- D. Healthy skin is an impenetrable barrier for the microorganisms
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because collecting specimens from the surface of a wound does not provide adequate samples for anaerobic agent detection. Anaerobic agents thrive in deep tissue environments with low oxygen levels, making surface specimens unreliable. Tissue samples and aspirations (choice A) are superior for diagnosing skin infections. Excessive production of toxins, not skin rash (choice C), causes symptoms in some infections. While healthy skin provides some protection, it is not completely impenetrable to microorganisms (choice D).
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A female patient consulted a doctor about a sense of epigastric discomfort, nausea and anorexia. A duodenal content analysis revealed lamblia. What drug should be prescribed?
- A. Metronidazole B.Chingamin C.Rifampicin D.Isoniazid E.Acyclovir
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating Giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia, which presents with symptoms such as epigastric discomfort, nausea, and anorexia. Metronidazole effectively targets and eliminates the parasite. Chingamin, Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Acyclovir are not effective against Giardia lamblia and are used to treat other infections caused by different pathogens. Therefore, Metronidazole is the most appropriate choice in this scenario.
A smear of sputum from the patient with suspected lobar pneumonia was stained with the use of the following stains and reagents: solution of gentian violet, Lugol’s solution, 960 alcohol, watermagenta. What staining method was applied in this case?
- A. Gram
- B. Ziehl-Nielsen's
- C. Romanovsky
- D. Neisser
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gram staining method. The rationale is as follows:
1. Gentian violet is a primary stain used in the Gram staining procedure to stain the bacterial cells.
2. Lugol's solution is a mordant that helps to fix the crystal violet stain in Gram-positive bacteria.
3. 95% alcohol is used as a decolorizing agent in the Gram staining process to remove the stain from Gram-negative bacteria.
4. Watermagenta is not a standard reagent in the Gram staining method.
Therefore, based on the reagents mentioned, the staining method applied in this case is the Gram staining method.
Other choices are incorrect:
B: Ziehl-Nielsen's - This staining method is used for acid-fast staining, not for lobar pneumonia.
C: Romanovsky - This staining method is used for blood smears, not for bacterial staining in pneumonia.
D: Neisser - This staining method is not commonly used in routine bacterial staining procedures.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with the formation of dental caries?
- A. Streptococcus mutans
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Bacillus cereus
- D. Clostridium tetani
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Streptococcus mutans is known for its ability to produce lactic acid, which contributes to the demineralization of tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.
Step 2: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen and not directly associated with dental caries.
Step 3: Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and not typically found in the oral cavity or associated with dental caries.
Step 4: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, a neurological condition, and is not involved in the formation of dental caries.
Summary: Choice A is correct as Streptococcus mutans is specifically linked to dental caries due to its acidogenic and aciduric properties. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not associated with dental caries.
In Transmissive infections, the vector is:
- A. Air
- B. Objects
- C. Medical devices
- D. Water
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Air. In transmissive infections, the vector refers to the means by which the infectious agent is transmitted from one host to another. Air can carry pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, leading to respiratory infections like the flu or tuberculosis. Airborne transmission occurs when droplets containing the pathogens are inhaled. Objects (B), medical devices (C), and water (D) can also transmit infections, but they are not specifically related to transmissive infections. Objects and medical devices can harbor pathogens, while waterborne infections are transmitted through contaminated water sources. However, in the context of transmissive infections, the primary vector is the air due to its ability to carry infectious agents over distances.
The sepsis is:
- A. Presence of bacteria in the blood
- B. Bacteremia, accompanied with chemical and laboratory data for systemic information
- C. Massive proliferation of toxins in the blood with organ failure
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Sepsis is a systemic response to infection resulting in organ dysfunction.
A: Sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection, but it is not solely defined by the presence of bacteria in the blood.
B: Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood, which can be a component of sepsis, but sepsis involves a broader systemic response beyond just bacteremia.
C: Sepsis can lead to the release of toxins and organ failure, but sepsis itself is not defined solely by the massive proliferation of toxins.
Therefore, the correct answer is D, as sepsis can involve the presence of bacteria, bacteremia, systemic manifestations, and organ failure.