Nokea
Which one is NOT included in the etiology of osteomyelitis
- A. Haemophilus influenzae
- B. EBV
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. S. Aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: EBV. Osteomyelitis is primarily caused by bacteria, not viruses like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The main pathogens involved in osteomyelitis are typically Staphylococcus aureus, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EBV is not a causative agent of osteomyelitis. It is crucial to differentiate between bacterial and viral etiologies in infectious diseases to guide appropriate treatment.
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The highly specialized structure that protects the fetus from microorganisms is the:
- A. uterus
- B. placenta
- C. vagina
- D. mammary gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: placenta. The placenta is a highly specialized structure that forms during pregnancy and serves as a barrier, protecting the fetus from harmful microorganisms that could potentially harm the developing baby. It facilitates the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste between the mother and fetus while preventing the passage of most bacteria and viruses. The uterus (A) is the organ where the fetus develops, but it does not have the specific protective functions of the placenta. The vagina (C) is the birth canal and does not provide protection from microorganisms for the fetus. The mammary gland (D) is responsible for producing milk after birth and is not directly involved in protecting the fetus from microorganisms during pregnancy.
Which is NOT a property of interferon?
- A. Released from infected cells
- B. Acts extracellularly to inactivate virus
- C. Coded for by cellular DNA
- D. Not virus-specific but is cell-specific
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Interferon is a cell-specific protein that is produced and released from infected cells in response to viral infections. It acts extracellularly to interfere with viral replication, not to inactivate the virus itself. Interferon is not coded for by cellular DNA, but by viral RNA during infection. Therefore, the correct answer, D, is that interferon is not virus-specific but is cell-specific. This is because interferon can be produced by various cell types in response to different types of viral infections, making it a broad-spectrum antiviral defense mechanism.
Which bacteria is responsible for causing pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Escherichia coli can all cause pneumonia, but through different mechanisms. S. pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, M. tuberculosis can lead to tuberculosis-related pneumonia, and E. coli can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, all three bacteria can be responsible for causing pneumonia, making option D the correct choice. Option A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is correct but does not cover all possible causes of pneumonia. Option B, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is too specific and does not include other common causes. Option C, Escherichia coli, is also a possible cause of pneumonia but does not account for all potential pathogens.
A patient's preliminary diagnosis is toxoplasmosis. What material was used for diagnostics of this disease?
- A. Blood
- B. Feces
- C. Urine
- D. Duodenal contents
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood. Toxoplasmosis is diagnosed through serological tests that detect specific antibodies in the blood. These antibodies indicate exposure to the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. Feces, urine, and duodenal contents are not typically used for diagnosing toxoplasmosis as the parasite is not commonly found in these samples. Blood is the primary material used as it provides the necessary antibodies for accurate diagnosis.
The most common test for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is:
- A. Widal agglutination test
- B. Cultivation on blood and chocolate agar
- C. ELISA, Western blot
- D. Ascoli thermoprecipitation test
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: ELISA, Western blot. These tests are commonly used for diagnosing Lyme borreliosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity in detecting antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent. ELISA is the initial screening test, while Western blot is used for confirmation. Widal agglutination test (A) is used for diagnosing typhoid fever, not Lyme disease. Cultivation on blood and chocolate agar (B) is not commonly used for diagnosing Lyme borreliosis as Borrelia species are difficult to culture. Ascoli thermoprecipitation test (D) is used for diagnosing pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, not Lyme disease.