Nokea
Which one of the following hormones is not a placental hormone.
- A. oxytocin
- B. relaxin
- C. estrogen
- D. human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: oxytocin. Oxytocin is not a placental hormone because it is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Placental hormones are specifically produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Relaxin, estrogen, and human chorionic gonadotropin hormone are all placental hormones involved in various functions during pregnancy. Oxytocin, on the other hand, plays a role in uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding, but it is not produced by the placenta.
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Which glands produce a thick, yellowish secretion that nourishes and activates sperm?
- A. Bulbourethral glands
- B. Prostate
- C. Seminal vesicles
- D. Ejaculatory duct
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Seminal vesicles. Seminal vesicles produce a thick, yellowish secretion that provides nutrients and activates sperm. This secretion, along with sperm from the testes, forms semen. Bulbourethral glands produce a clear, viscous fluid that lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal (not yellowish). The prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions. The ejaculatory duct is a passageway for semen to travel from the vas deferens to the urethra and does not produce any secretions. Therefore, the seminal vesicles are the correct answer as they specifically produce the described yellowish secretion that nourishes and activates sperm.
Bat shaped bone that form part of the base of the skull is called as
- A. Ethmoid bone
- B. Sphenoid bone
- C. Parietal bone
- D. Occipital bone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sphenoid bone. The sphenoid bone is bat-shaped and forms part of the base of the skull. It is located in the middle of the skull, helping to connect the cranial bones. The other choices, A: Ethmoid bone, C: Parietal bone, and D: Occipital bone, do not match the description of a bat-shaped bone at the base of the skull. The ethmoid bone is located between the eyes, the parietal bone forms the top and sides of the skull, and the occipital bone forms the back and base of the skull. Therefore, B is the correct answer based on the specific description given in the question.
The outside layer of the oocyte is the _____.
- A. theca interna
- B. theca externa
- C. zona pellucida
- D. antrum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is the glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte. It plays a crucial role in fertilization by binding sperm and facilitating the acrosome reaction. The theca interna and externa are layers surrounding the ovarian follicle, not the oocyte itself. The antrum is a fluid-filled cavity within the follicle, not the outer layer of the oocyte. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly relates to the outer layer of the oocyte.
Umbilical cord contains _________
- A. Pluripotent stem cells
- B. Cord blood stem cells
- C. Blood stem cells
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cord blood stem cells. Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells that are collected from the blood in the umbilical cord and placenta after a baby is born. These stem cells are known as cord blood stem cells, which are multipotent and have the potential to develop into various types of cells in the body. Pluripotent stem cells (choice A) refer to stem cells that can differentiate into almost any cell type, which is not specifically present in the umbilical cord. Blood stem cells (choice C) are found in bone marrow and are responsible for producing blood cells, but they are not the primary type of stem cells found in umbilical cord blood. Choice D is incorrect because umbilical cord blood indeed contains cord blood stem cells.
Which of the following decreases the resistance in the arteries leading to the sinuses of the penis?
- A. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves innervating the arteries
- B. Nitric oxide
- C. Inhibition of activity of the parasympathetic nerves leading to the arteries
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator that relaxes smooth muscle in the arterial walls, leading to decreased resistance in the arteries. This results in increased blood flow to the sinuses of the penis, contributing to erectile function.
A: Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves innervating the arteries would actually increase resistance by causing vasoconstriction.
C: Inhibition of activity of the parasympathetic nerves leading to the arteries would also increase resistance as parasympathetic stimulation typically leads to vasodilation.
Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly causes vasodilation and decreases resistance in the arteries leading to the sinuses of the penis, which is essential for erectile function.