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Which one of the following is a limitation of most quality assurance programs?
- A. The high validity of the instruments used for evaluation
- B. The retrospective focus on achievement of standards
- C. The need to achieve predetermined standards in the clinical setting
- D. The acceptable reliability of the instruments used for assessment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A limitation of quality assurance programs is the retrospective focus on achievement of standards. Considerable emphasis of quality-monitoring activities occurred after the fact when it was least possible to make necessary changes.
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What clinical outcome was supported in the Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation (CCHISA) Survey Standards in the early 1990s and is now reflected in the C-HOBIC standards of care in Canada?
- A. A quality improvement focus
- B. Facility-wide integration of processes
- C. Clinical outcomes for evidence-informed nursing practice
- D. Methods for identifying unsafe practice by health care providers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the early 1990s, the CCHSA Survey Standards included clinical outcomes to support evidence-informed nursing care that are now reflected in the C-HOBIC standardized clinical outcomes.
Which of the following reflects a process standard in the proposed levels for assessing quality?
- A. Nursing activities
- B. Environmental characteristics
- C. Anticipated results of the care provided
- D. Philosophy and mission of the institution
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Process standards are focused on nursing roles and activities to meet patient care goals. Examples of process standards include the nursing process, communication between nurses and patients, and nursing activities.
What is the goal of methods used to standardize the process of continuous quality improvement?
- A. Detection of errors
- B. Prevention of errors
- C. Detection of people problems
- D. Evaluation of organizational functioning
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The goal of continuous quality improvement is prevention, not detection, of errors. Quality improvement is a continuous cycle of improving processes before errors are made or complaints are reviewed. Doing the right thing the first time and all the time is considered much more cost-effective than redoing work.
Which committee became responsible for accrediting hospitals, beginning in 1958 ?
- A. Commission for the Study of Hospitals
- B. Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals
- C. Canadian Council on Hospital Services Accreditation
- D. Canadian Association of Hospital Accreditation Board
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In 1952, the Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) was formed, assuming responsibility for accrediting Canadian hospitals until 1958, when the Canadian Council on Hospital Services Accreditation (CCHSA) was established to accredit health care agencies in Canada.
Which type of validity was established with the majority of instruments that were developed to measure quality assurance?
- A. Face validity
- B. Content validity
- C. Concurrent validity
- D. Predictive validity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Most instruments have demonstrated little more than face validity, raising questions about the value of results in quality assessment programs using inadequately tested instruments.