Nokea
Which one of the following is the correct pathway of bile from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder?
- A. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → gallbladder.
- B. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → cystic duct → common hepatic duct → gallbladder.
- C. hepatic sinusoid → central vein → hepatic vein → gall bladder.
- D. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder. This pathway reflects the anatomical sequence of bile flow from the smallest bile ducts within the liver (bile canaliculi) to the gallbladder. Bile canaliculi collect bile from hepatocytes, which then flows through larger ducts (hepatic duct, common hepatic duct) before reaching the cystic duct, which connects to the gallbladder for bile storage.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not follow the correct anatomical pathway of bile flow. For example, in choice A, the common hepatic duct should connect directly to the cystic duct, not the common bile duct. In choice B, the cystic duct should not connect to the common hepatic duct. In choice C, bile does not flow through the central vein or hepatic vein
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When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called:
- A. shincters
- B. bolus
- C. rugae
- D. chyme
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: rugae. When the stomach is empty, it folds up into wrinkles called rugae. These folds allow the stomach to expand when food is consumed and contract when it is empty. Shincters (A) are muscular valves that control the flow of food in and out of the stomach, not the folds of the stomach itself. Bolus (B) refers to a small rounded mass of a substance, typically food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed, not the wrinkles of the stomach. Chyme (D) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach into the small intestine, not the folds of the stomach.
Which of the following is not a component of saliva?
- A. Water
- B. Amylase
- C. Mucus
- D. Hydrochloric acid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hydrochloric acid. Saliva is composed mainly of water, amylase (an enzyme that breaks down starch), and mucus. Hydrochloric acid is not a component of saliva; instead, it is a component of gastric juice produced in the stomach. It plays a role in the digestion of food in the stomach by lowering the pH level. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer as it does not belong to the components of saliva. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are all components found in saliva.
Which of the following tests is contraindicated for pregnant women?
- A. Barium enema
- B. Barium swallow
- C. Radionuclide imaging
- D. Gallbladder series test
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Radionuclide imaging. This test involves exposing the patient to radiation, which can be harmful to the developing fetus. Pregnant women should avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation to prevent potential harm to the baby.
A: Barium enema and B: Barium swallow involve the use of contrast material that is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it does not expose the fetus to radiation.
D: Gallbladder series test, such as ultrasound or MRI, are also safe for pregnant women as they do not involve radiation exposure.
A patient comes to the hospital complaining of vomiting and diarrhoea. The doctor suggested that the patient take glucose and electrolyte solution orally. Which one of following membrane proteins is likely to be involved in rehydrating the patient?
- A. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)
- B. Sodium glucose transporter protein! (SGLT1)
- C. Insulin receptor protein (IRP)
- D. Sucrase-isomaltase protein (SIP)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium glucose transporter protein 1 (SGLT1). SGLT1 is responsible for the active transport of glucose and sodium across the intestinal membrane. When a patient is experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, they are losing fluids and electrolytes. By taking a glucose and electrolyte solution orally, the SGLT1 protein helps in the reabsorption of glucose and sodium to facilitate rehydration.
Incorrect choices:
A: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) is associated with cystic fibrosis and does not play a direct role in rehydration.
C: Insulin receptor protein (IRP) is involved in glucose uptake regulation in response to insulin, not rehydration.
D: Sucrase-isomaltase protein (SIP) is involved in the breakdown of sugars in the small intestine, not rehydration.
The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient asks about the best way to prevent respiratory infections. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. "Take a yearly flu shot and avoid crowds during flu season."
- B. "Increase your use of nebulizer treatments to keep your lungs clear."
- C. "Take vitamin C to boost your immune system."
- D. "Use an antibiotic regularly to prevent infections."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The nurse's response should focus on preventing respiratory infections in a patient with COPD.
Step 2: Yearly flu shots are recommended to prevent influenza, a common trigger for respiratory infections in COPD.
Step 3: Avoiding crowds during flu season reduces exposure to pathogens, further preventing infections.
Step 4: Increasing nebulizer treatments does not directly prevent infections but may help manage COPD symptoms.
Step 5: Vitamin C may have some benefits but is not a primary preventive measure for respiratory infections in COPD.
Step 6: Regular antibiotic use is not recommended to prevent infections due to the risk of antibiotic resistance and potential side effects.
Conclusion: Option A is the best response as it includes evidence-based strategies to prevent respiratory infections in a patient with COPD.