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Egg Replacements in Baking
Eggs are an important staple of many baking recipes. They serve several crucial functions, such as binding, leavening, and providing moisture to the final product. However, some people are unable to consume eggs for a variety of reasons. If you are one of these people, baking can seem daunting. Fortunately, there are several substitutions that will allow you to continue enjoying your delicious treats without using eggs.
Two popular egg replacements are applesauce and banana. These things work well enough to provide moisture to your dessert, but they are suboptimal replacements overall, because providing moisture is only one function of the egg. When using applesauce or banana in place of eggs, you may find that your baked goods crumble or do not rise properly. Luckily, here are other ways to achieve binding and leavening effects that are more similar to those of eggs.

Eggs help emulsify the disparate ingredients of your recipe into one homogenous batter or dough. To achieve this, it is most effective to use something with protein or fat that will bind to the starch. One option is a quarter cup of plain yogurt, sour cream, or buttermilk for each egg- either dairy or non-dairy will work just fine. Another option is ground flax or chia seeds. For each egg, combine 1 tablespoon of ground seeds with 3 tablespoons of warm water and leave the mixture to rest at room temperature for about 10 minutes before using.

Eggs help emulsify the disparate ingredients of your recipe into one homogenous batter or dough. To achieve this, it is most effective to use something with protein or fat that will bind to the starch. One option is a quarter cup of plain yogurt, sour cream, or buttermilk for each egg- either dairy or non-dairy will work just fine. Another option is ground flax or chia seeds. For each egg, combine 1 tablespoon of ground seeds with 3 tablespoons of warm water and leave the mixture to rest at room temperature for about 10 minutes before using.

Either of these options will effectively bind your ingredients. However, if you are baking something that needs to rise, like a cake, you may want to give your dessert a little additional help. In this case, mix 1 teaspoon of baking soda with 1 tablespoon of a neutral-flavored vinegar, such as white or apple cider, and add this mixture alongside the other wet ingredients.

Which one of the following statements is false or misleading based on the given textual evidence?

  • A. When using egg alternatives, the substitutes can be vegan or dairy-based.
  • B. When using egg alternatives, a proper substitute needs the ability to emulsify.
  • C. When using egg alternatives, you do not need to use fat to bind the starch.
  • D. When using egg alternatives, people with egg allergies can still enjoy their favorite recipes.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The false or misleading statement based on the given textual evidence is choice C. In the text, it is emphasized that when using egg alternatives, it is most effective to use something with protein or fat that will bind to the starch. Fat is mentioned as a crucial component for binding, especially in achieving the emulsification effect that eggs provide. Therefore, the statement 'When using egg alternatives, you do not need to use fat to bind the starch' is inaccurate and misleading, as fat plays a significant role in binding the ingredients together when replacing eggs in baking.

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Dear Aunt Suzanne,
I have a few minutes before I get on the bus to Galway back to Dublin and wanted to tell you how my trip to Ireland is going. We just spent two days in Inis Mor, the largest of the Aran Islands, which are just off the central west coast of Ireland. We tool a ferry from Galway, a ride that takes about an hour and was quite gray and stormy.
For an Island that is only about 12 square miles, there is a lot to do and see on Inis Mor! After eating stew and vegetable soup and brown bread with butter, we went to the seater market, where all kinds of woolen products are sold. The Aran Islands are known for their wool because sheep thrive here and generations have used woolen sweaters and hats to survive long cold days of fishing on the open sea. In fact, I learnt that each family or clan has its own signature knitting pattern and some are able to tell which family someone belongs to by the pattern of their sweater! The Healy pattern is an interesting combination of twists and braids, and I found you a birthday souvenir with a beautiful example.
The next day, we rented bicycles and toured the island. We saw ancient ruins, a prehistoric hill fort, and a white sand beach. We also climbed down to a mysterious rock formation known as “The Worm Hole,” a rectangular hole in a stone shore that fills with thrashing waves and looks like it houses a terrible serpent (see attached photo). The Worm Hole was difficult to find, and when we stopped someone for directions, she only spoke Gaelic. Sometimes this island seems stuck in an earlier time.
I’m excited to see you when I get home. I have lots more pictures to share!

Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

  • A. Bicycles are the primary mode of transportation on the island.
  • B. Eva is fluent in the Gaelic language.
  • C. Healy is a known Irish family or clan.
  • D. The Worm Hole is a rock formation that resembles a serpent.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. In the passage, it is mentioned that each family or clan on the Aran Islands has its own signature knitting pattern. The text specifically refers to the Healy pattern as an example, indicating that Healy is a known Irish family or clan associated with a particular knitting pattern. The other statements are not directly supported by the information provided in the passage. While bicycles were used for touring the island, it is not stated as the only way to get around. There is no mention of Eva's proficiency in the Gaelic language, and the description of the Worm Hole does not imply that it refers to a serpent.

What is all this talk of cicadas lately in the United States? You may be wondering why the media has featured it, but in fact, the discussion about Cicadas has emerged about as predictably as the Cicadas themselves from their underground refuge. Let’s get oriented with some background on Cicadas.
What is a Cicada? A typical definition will at least tell you that a cicada is a large, loud insect with transparent wings, mostly found in warm countries. A more detailed response might also inform you that cicadas have short antennae and wide-set eyes that jut out, with delicate, translucent wings- and not only is the cicada loud, but few creatures make a louder sound. In fact, it is male cicadas that are the noisy ones, to the tune of 80 to 100 decibels, which is like the roar od a loud engine. This is because male cicadas make a strident high buzzing by vibrating two membranes on its abdomen called tymbals, effectively turning its body into a kind of echo chamber or drum. Female cicadas cannot replicate the buzzing, though they respond with a clicking sound when they are ready to mate.
Although there are several species of cicada, mating typically takes place in trees whereafter the female deposits the eggs into the bark. When the eggs hatch, the larval cicadas, called nymphs, drop to the ground and burrow. They then live as nymphs for the most of their lives over 6 feet underground, with both male and female cicadas dying within weeks of their emergence from the soil. This is particularly true for north American cicadas, especially the Magicicada, or periodical cicadas, which regularly emerge in intervals of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species and the location. This is why talk of cicadas in the media is as predictable as their emergence in the U.S.

From the passage, which of the following perspectives can be inferred?

  • A. Cicadas and public interest in cicadas are global
  • B. Cicadas and public interest in cicadas are inspirational
  • C. Cicadas and public interest in cicadas are inexplicable
  • D. Cicadas and public interest in cicadas are cyclical
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct perspective that can be inferred from the passage is that cicadas and public interest in cicadas are cyclical. The passage discusses how the emergence of cicadas and the media attention surrounding them happen predictably, as part of their natural cycle. It mentions the periodic emergence of cicadas in the U.S. at intervals of 13 or 17 years, highlighting the cyclical nature of this phenomenon. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as the passage implies that the occurrence and interest in cicadas follow a cyclical pattern rather than being global, inspirational, or inexplicable.

This label appears on a bottle of over-the-counter cold medicine. This medication should be used to treat mild respiratory infections. Do not take this product unless directed by a doctor if you have a long-term respiratory problem such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the warning label on the bottle of over-the-counter cold medicine?

  • A. If you have a respiratory problem, take this medication only if directed by a doctor.
  • B. This medication is intended to treat long-term respiratory illnesses.
  • C. Patients with mild respiratory infections should consult a doctor.
  • D. Anyone taking this medication should have a doctor's recommendation.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The warning label on the bottle of over-the-counter cold medicine specifically cautions individuals with long-term respiratory problems like emphysema or chronic bronchitis to take the medication only if directed by a doctor. Option A accurately summarizes this instruction, emphasizing the critical need for medical guidance for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. This aligns with the cautionary tone of the label, urging careful consideration and medical supervision for certain individuals to ensure safe and appropriate use of the medication.

THE Farallon Island, or devils Teeth, as they are referred to by sailors, area group of small islands with rocky, barren terrain and treacherous, 48 km (30 miles) off the coast of San Francisco, California although the islands are small, with a combined total land area of 0.41km squared (0.16 square miles), they are positioned in a major ocean current, which enables them to house dense populations of birds, rodents seals, and other water mammals.
The abundance of wildlife first attracted Russian and American fur traders in the early 1800s, who then nearly eliminated the seal population in the area. The islands then became an agricultural resource for San Francisco during the gold rush era when egg companies began harvesting bird eggs on the islands. In 1863, violence between viral egg companies erupted on the islands (known as the Egg War") which inadvertently attracted national attention and provoked lawmakers to pass legislation to protect and rehabilitate the island's natural ecosystem.
In 1881, an executive order was passed that decreed egging illegal on the Farallon's. This ended private enterprises on the islands was reinforced in 1909 when President Theodore Roosevelt created the Farallon Reservation to restore human access and preserve that northern island, and over time many of the island original inhabitants have returned.
The Farallon's are now home to the world's largest population of western gull. Seals have returned, as well as otters and sea lions, which in turn attracts great white sharks. The combination of sharks, underwater currents, and jagged coastline are probably what earned the Farallon's their nickname "Devil's Teeth," though it hasn't stopped a few adventurous people from swimming. Four people have completed the 30-mile swim from the islands to San Francisco; the fastest person completed the journey in 14 hours.

Which of the following is a credible source that the author might have consulted to help write the article?

  • A. An 1890 cartographer's notes on efforts to map Northern California's coastline
  • B. A nutritionist's scholarly journal article on gold rush miner diets
  • C. A copy of a story published by the Fish and Wildlife Service, originally written by a former refuge manager
  • D. A copy of a story published by the Fish and Wildlife Service, originally written by a former refuge manager
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is the correct answer as it suggests consulting a story published by the Fish and Wildlife Service, originally written by a former refuge manager. This source would provide reliable information on the Farallon Islands' natural ecosystem, wildlife conservation efforts, and historical context. The Fish and Wildlife Service is a reputable organization known for its expertise in wildlife management and conservation, making their publications a credible source for an article on the Farallon Islands. Options A and B are less relevant to the topic and would not offer in-depth insights into the specific subject matter discussed in the article.

Which of the following statements about a thesis statement is correct?

  • A. It is the secondary idea in a piece of writing.
  • B. It is the central idea in a piece of writing.
  • C. It is the primary idea in a piece of writing.
  • D. It is a fact that has been proven by the scientific community.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A thesis statement is the central idea or main point that a writer puts forward in a piece of writing. It serves as a roadmap for the reader, outlining the purpose and direction of the text. The thesis statement is crucial in guiding the content and structure of the writing, making option B the correct choice in this context.

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