Nokea
Which organ system is primarily responsible for preventing water loss?
- A. The nervous system
- B. The integumentary system
- C. The lymphatic system
- D. The urinary system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The integumentary system. The integumentary system, which includes the skin, is primarily responsible for preventing water loss from the body. The skin acts as a barrier that helps regulate moisture and prevent excessive water loss through a process known as transepidermal water loss. The nervous system (choice A) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, the lymphatic system (choice C) is responsible for the immune response and fluid balance, and the urinary system (choice D) is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine, but they do not primarily prevent water loss like the integumentary system.
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What is the meaning of exocytosis?
- A. The cell engulfs and brings in substances.
- B. The cell releases content outside by fusing with the plasma membrane.
- C. The cell engulfs liquid material.
- D. The cell brings in solid particles.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Exocytosis is the process by which a cell releases substances to the outside by fusing with the plasma membrane. During exocytosis, vesicles containing molecules fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the release of the contents outside the cell. This process is crucial for the secretion of various substances such as hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they describe processes different from exocytosis. Choice A describes endocytosis, where the cell engulfs substances to bring them into the cell. Choice C is more aligned with pinocytosis, the process of engulfing liquid material. Choice D refers to phagocytosis, which is the uptake of solid particles by the cell.
Beriberi is a disease caused by a lack of ___________.
- A. thiamine
- B. vitamin C
- C. niacin
- D. protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and energy metabolism in the body. Without enough thiamine, individuals may develop symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, and heart problems, which are characteristic of beriberi. Vitamin C (choice B), niacin (choice C), and protein (choice D) deficiencies can cause other health issues but are not directly related to beriberi.
How does the endocrine system work with the reproductive system?
- A. The reproductive system transforms minerals into useful nutrients.
- B. The endocrine system determines the sex of the embryo.
- C. The reproductive system controls the growth of secondary sex organs.
- D. The endocrine system produces chemicals that regulate sexual function.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The endocrine system plays a vital role in the regulation of sexual functions within the reproductive system. It produces hormones that are responsible for various functions, such as the development of secondary sex characteristics, production of gametes (sperm and egg cells), and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. These hormones are crucial for the proper functioning and coordination of the reproductive system, ensuring the successful reproduction and maintenance of reproductive health. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the reproductive system is not primarily responsible for transforming minerals into nutrients, determining the sex of the embryo, or controlling the growth of secondary sex organs. These functions are mainly regulated by the endocrine system in coordination with the reproductive system.
Which might be a result of stenosis, or narrowing of a heart valve?
- A. Abdominal pain
- B. Blood clots
- C. Edema (swelling) in organs
- D. Irregular heartbeat
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stenosis, or narrowing of a heart valve, restricts blood flow through the valve, leading to changes in the heart's normal rhythm. This alteration can result in an irregular heartbeat, making it a common consequence of heart valve stenosis. Abdominal pain, blood clots, and organ swelling are not typically associated with stenosis of a heart valve.
The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What area is he describing?
- A. Epiphysis
- B. Articular cartilage
- C. Perichondrium
- D. Diaphysis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The diaphysis is the correct answer in this scenario. It refers to the middle or shaft region of a long bone like the humerus. The epiphysis is the end of a long bone, while articular cartilage is the smooth tissue covering the ends of bones at a joint. The perichondrium is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.