Nokea
Which organism is least likely to show the characteristic periodicity of fever in malaria?
- A. p. malariae
- B. p. vivax
- C. p. ovale
- D. p. falciparum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Falciparum's fever messy, constant, not vivax, ovale, malariae's tidy cycles. Nurses spot this chronic chaos king.
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In the treatment of COPD:
- A. Inhaled long-acting β₂ agonists are a first-line treatment for breathlessness.
- B. Most patients require maintenance use of oral corticosteroids.
- C. The dosage of oral theophylline needs to be reduced in patients commenced on erythromycin.
- D. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated in a stable patient with a Paâ‚“â‚‚ of 8.5 kPa.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: COPD management focuses on symptom relief and preventing exacerbations. Inhaled long-acting β₂ agonists are indeed used for breathlessness but are not always first-line; short-acting bronchodilators often precede them. Maintenance oral corticosteroids are not standard due to significant side effects; inhaled corticosteroids are preferred. Theophylline, a bronchodilator, has its metabolism inhibited by erythromycin (a CYP3A4 inhibitor), increasing plasma levels and toxicity risk, necessitating dose reduction. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated for severe hypoxemia (Paₓ₂ < 7.3 kPa or 7.3-8 kPa with complications), not at 8.5 kPa, which is relatively normal. Non-invasive ventilation is reserved for acute exacerbations, not first-line treatment. The interaction between theophylline and erythromycin is a critical pharmacological consideration in COPD management, making it the standout correct statement.
Which of the following conditions/abnormalities is always present in people who are diagnosed with metabolic syndrome?
- A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- B. Disturbed renal function
- C. Hypertension
- D. Insulin resistance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Metabolic syndrome's core insulin resistance ties the knot, not always diabetes, kidney flops, or high BP. A chronic root nurses peg this constant.
Which of the following condition has low risk of progression to liver cirrhosis:
- A. Hepatic steatosis
- B. Hepatic steatohepatitis
- C. Hepatic steatohepatitis with fibrosis
- D. Chronic hepatitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Steatosis fat sits, low cirrhosis odds; steatohepatitis, fibrosis, chronic, booze burn scar. Nurses mark this chronic liver lite.
The nurse educates the client that besides an echocardiogram, which of the following tests is the best tool for diagnosing heart failure?
- A. Pulmonary artery catheter
- B. Mitigated angiographic (MUGA) scan
- C. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
- D. Radionuclide studies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: BNP, a blood test, spikes with heart stretch heart failure's calling card, outshining invasive tools for diagnosis. Pulmonary catheters measure pressures, not routine. MUGA scans ejection fraction, less direct. Radionuclide's vague here. Nurses teach BNP's ease and accuracy, a biomarker gold standard, syncing with echo to nail heart failure's fluid tale.
A nurse works with clients who have alopecia from chemotherapy. What action by the nurse takes priority?
- A. Helping clients adjust to their appearance
- B. Reassuring clients that this change is temporary
- C. Referring clients to a reputable wig shop
- D. Teaching measures to prevent scalp injury
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alopecia, or hair loss, is a common chemotherapy side effect due to drugs targeting rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicles. While emotional support is vital, the priority is client safety. Teaching measures to prevent scalp injury such as avoiding harsh brushing or sun exposure takes precedence because the scalp becomes vulnerable without hair's protective barrier, risking cuts, infections, or burns. Helping clients adjust to appearance and reassuring them about regrowth address psychosocial needs but don't mitigate physical risk. Referring to a wig shop is practical but secondary to safety. In oncology nursing, prioritizing physical protection aligns with the hierarchy of needs, ensuring the client avoids complications like infection, especially if immunocompromised, before addressing emotional impacts.