Nokea
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes?
- A. Small intestine
- B. Large intestine
- C. Stomach
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Large intestine. The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter that passes through the small intestine. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes to maintain the body's fluid balance. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients and vitamins, while the stomach is responsible for the initial digestion of food and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Therefore, the large intestine is the correct choice for water and electrolyte absorption in the digestive system.
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Which one of the following is the correct pathway of bile from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder?
- A. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → common bile duct → gallbladder.
- B. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → cystic duct → common hepatic duct → gallbladder.
- C. hepatic sinusoid → central vein → hepatic vein → gall bladder.
- D. bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bile canaliculus → hepatic duct → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder. This pathway reflects the anatomical sequence of bile flow from the smallest bile ducts within the liver (bile canaliculi) to the gallbladder. Bile canaliculi collect bile from hepatocytes, which then flows through larger ducts (hepatic duct, common hepatic duct) before reaching the cystic duct, which connects to the gallbladder for bile storage.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not follow the correct anatomical pathway of bile flow. For example, in choice A, the common hepatic duct should connect directly to the cystic duct, not the common bile duct. In choice B, the cystic duct should not connect to the common hepatic duct. In choice C, bile does not flow through the central vein or hepatic vein
Water transport can occur from the lumen of the intestine to the blood stream, or from the blood stream to the intestinal lumen. Which single statement about this phenomenon, below, is actually correct?
- A. A 'flip-flop' mechanism efficiently transports water directly across the enterocyte membrane
- B. Water flows into the gut from the mucosa, during digestion of starch and protein, in order to reduce luminal osmolality
- C. Water is mostly absorbed by movement between the cells lining the gut (enterocytes) via tight junctions
- D. Dietary intake of water is always greater than water movement in the small intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because water is indeed mostly absorbed by movement between the cells lining the gut (enterocytes) via tight junctions. This is known as paracellular transport. Water moves through the spaces between the cells due to osmotic gradients and is then taken up by blood vessels. A: The 'flip-flop' mechanism is not a recognized mechanism for water transport in the intestine. B: Water does not flow into the gut from the mucosa during digestion, rather it moves from the gut lumen into the blood. D: Dietary intake of water can vary and may not always be greater than water movement in the small intestine.
Saliva decreases gingivitis and caries because it contains immunoglobulin A and
- A. lysozymes.
- B. mucus.
- C. salivary amylase.
- D. water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lysozymes. Lysozymes in saliva help to break down bacterial cell walls, reducing the risk of gingivitis and caries. Immunoglobulin A helps to fight off harmful bacteria. Salivary amylase aids in digestion, not in preventing gingivitis or caries. Mucus and water in saliva do not directly contribute to the reduction of gingivitis or caries.
Parasympathetic stomach impulses cause all of the following except which one?
- A. secretion of somatostatin
- B. inhibition of somatostatin
- C. secretion of gastrin
- D. promotes histamine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because parasympathetic impulses do not lead to the secretion of somatostatin. Somatostatin is released in response to low pH in the stomach to inhibit further acid secretion. Parasympathetic impulses stimulate the secretion of gastrin, promote histamine release, and inhibit somatostatin secretion. This is important for enhancing gastric acid secretion and promoting digestion. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are effects of parasympathetic stomach impulses.
Care for which of these clients is most appropriate to assign to the LPN/LVN, under the supervision of an RN?
- A. A client with oral cancer who is scheduled in the morning for glossectomy
- B. An obese client returned from surgery following a vertical banded gastroplasty
- C. A client with anorexia nervosa with muscle weakness and decreased urine output
- D. A client with intractable nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the LPN/LVN can provide care for a client with intractable nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy under the supervision of an RN. The LPN/LVN can administer prescribed antiemetic medications, monitor the client's response, assess for dehydration, and provide comfort measures. This task falls within the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN and does not require the advanced assessment and intervention skills of an RN.
Choice A is incorrect because a client undergoing a glossectomy for oral cancer requires complex post-operative care that is beyond the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN.
Choice B is incorrect because post-operative care for an obese client following a vertical banded gastroplasty involves monitoring for complications such as leaks or infections, which require the expertise of an RN.
Choice C is incorrect because a client with anorexia nervosa with muscle weakness and decreased urine output may have underlying medical issues that require an RN's assessment and intervention skills