Nokea
Which pathogenic bacterium is associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer?
- A. Lactobacillus.
- B. Bifidobacterium.
- C. H. pylori.
- D. E. coli.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is H. pylori. This bacterium is known to be associated with the development of peptic ulcers and an increased risk of gastric cancer. Lactobacillus (Choice A) and Bifidobacterium (Choice B) are probiotic bacteria that are beneficial to human health and not associated with causing these conditions. E. coli (Choice D) is a diverse group of bacteria, some of which can be pathogenic, but they are not primarily linked to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer like H. pylori.
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What is the process of converting glycogen to glucose called?
- A. Glucogenesis.
- B. Glycogenolysis.
- C. Glyconeogenesis.
- D. Gluconeogenesis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycogenolysis. Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Glucogenesis (choice A) is not a term used in biochemistry. Glyconeogenesis (choice C) refers to the synthesis of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen. Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, not the breakdown of glycogen.
The lining of the stomach and intestine is protected from self-digestion by:
- A. pepsinogen.
- B. bile.
- C. mucus.
- D. fat.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucus. Mucus forms a protective barrier that prevents the stomach and intestine from digesting themselves. Pepsinogen (choice A) is an inactive form of pepsin, a digestive enzyme, and does not protect the stomach lining. Bile (choice B) aids in the digestion and absorption of fats but does not protect the stomach lining. Fat (choice D) is a nutrient and energy source; it does not play a role in protecting the stomach and intestine from self-digestion.
Which enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands?
- A. Pepsin.
- B. Trypsin.
- C. Sucrase.
- D. Amylase.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, amylase. Amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands that initiates the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. Pepsin (choice A) is produced in the stomach to digest proteins, trypsin (choice B) is produced in the pancreas to digest proteins, and sucrase (choice C) is produced in the small intestine to break down sucrose. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.
What is the main constituent of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?
- A. potassium
- B. sodium
- C. water
- D. calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: water. Water is the main component of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including transporting nutrients, regulating body temperature, and maintaining cell structure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while potassium, sodium, and calcium are essential electrolytes found in the body, they are not the main constituents of these fluids as water is.
Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?
- A. Secretin.
- B. Cholecystokinin (CCK).
- C. Gastrin.
- D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. Secretin primarily acts on the pancreas to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid. Gastrin functions in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, while Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.