Nokea
Which patient would be most likely to be cured with chemotherapy as a treatment measure?
- A. Small cell lung cancer
- B. New neuroblastoma
- C. Small tumor of the bone
- D. Large hepatocellular carcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neuroblastoma, especially in newly diagnosed cases, is highly responsive to chemotherapy and has a higher likelihood of cure.
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What role do cytokines play in innate immunity?
- A. They directly kill pathogens
- B. They act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses
- C. They only function in adaptive immunity
- D. They inhibit phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because cytokines act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses in innate immunity. They help regulate inflammation, activate immune cells, and promote clearance of pathogens. Option A is incorrect because cytokines do not directly kill pathogens. Option C is incorrect as cytokines play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Option D is incorrect because cytokines do not inhibit phagocytosis; instead, they enhance this process to help eliminate pathogens.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- A. Plague or Black Death is the disease that devastated Europe in Medieval times (1350-1400) with about 50% of the European population having been wiped out.
- B. There are reports of Black Death dating as early as 1000 B.C. making plague probably the most ancient disease and the first recorded
- C. Plague is still endemic in some countries
- D. Plague can be cured with antibiotics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because there are no reports of the Black Death dating back to 1000 B.C. The Black Death specifically refers to the pandemic outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century. The first recorded pandemic of the Black Death occurred in the 14th century, not in 1000 B.C. The other choices are incorrect because A is true as the Black Death did devastate Europe in the 14th century, C is true as plague is still present in some countries, and D is true as plague can be treated with antibiotics if caught early.
Which of the following is a feature of antigen recognition by B cells?
- A. Their antigen receptors are never secreted
- B. Their antigen receptors recognize a fragment of protein in combination with an MHC molecule
- C. Their receptors each have two identical antigen binding sites
- D. They recognize pattern associated molecular structures (PAMPs) that are unique to a particular pathogen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because B cell receptors, known as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins with two identical antigen-binding sites. This feature allows B cells to bind to specific antigens with high specificity. Each B cell receptor can bind to a unique antigen, leading to the initiation of an immune response.
Choice A is incorrect because B cell receptors can be secreted as antibodies to target antigens outside the cell.
Choice B is incorrect because B cell receptors recognize antigens directly, not in combination with MHC molecules.
Choice D is incorrect because B cells primarily recognize specific antigens rather than general PAMPs associated with pathogens.
The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane contains:
- A. ester-linked phospholipids, but no sterols
- B. ester-linked phospholipids and sterols
- C. ether-linked phospholipids, but no sterols
- D. ether-linked phospholipids, sulfolipids, and glycolipids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because bacterial cytoplasmic membranes typically contain ester-linked phospholipids but no sterols. Ester-linked phospholipids are the main component of bacterial cell membranes, providing structure and function. Sterols, like cholesterol, are not commonly found in bacterial membranes. Choice B is incorrect because sterols are not present in bacterial membranes. Choice C is incorrect because ether-linked phospholipids are more commonly found in archaea, not bacteria. Choice D is incorrect because sulfolipids and glycolipids are not primary components of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes.
Which of the following is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?
- A. Because older clients lack in balanced diet and activity
- B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
- C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
- D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Older clients with AIDS often experience a faster progression of the disease due to age-related declines in immune function.