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Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
- A. Developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking
- B. Providing a diabetes clinic for adults in low-income neighbourhoods
- C. Providing an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village
- D. Teaching school-aged children about the positive effects of exercise
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or injury before it occurs. This intervention targets the root cause of the health issue by educating individuals on the harmful effects of smoking and promoting healthy behaviors to reduce the risk of developing smoking-related diseases. Choices B, C, and D represent secondary or tertiary prevention strategies as they focus on providing care or interventions after the disease has already developed or to prevent complications.
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Which report introduced the concept of health promotion?
- A. Epp Report
- B. Black Report
- C. Lalonde Report
- D. WHO Commission Report on Social Determinants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lalonde Report. The Lalonde Report, published in 1974, introduced the concept of health promotion by emphasizing the importance of addressing lifestyle factors and social determinants of health. It shifted the focus from solely treating diseases to promoting overall well-being. The Epp Report (A) focused on prevention and health promotion but was published after the Lalonde Report. The Black Report (B) highlighted health inequalities but did not introduce the concept of health promotion. The WHO Commission Report on Social Determinants (D) focused on addressing social inequalities impacting health but did not specifically introduce the concept of health promotion.
The ability to access, comprehend, evaluate, and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain and improve health in a variety of settings across the life-course is defined as:
- A. Health promotion
- B. Health literacy
- C. Health advocacy
- D. Health maintenance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Health literacy. Health literacy involves the skills needed to access, understand, evaluate, and communicate health information to make informed decisions and promote health. This definition aligns with the ability to comprehend and utilize health information effectively. Health promotion (A) focuses on strategies to improve health outcomes, health advocacy (C) involves promoting health policies and practices, and health maintenance (D) refers to activities that sustain health, but these choices do not encompass the comprehensive definition provided in the question.
What would be the best community health nurse (CHN) referral for a physically and mentally challenged older person who wants to continue living with her family but whose family members are all working outside the home?
- A. Adult daycare services
- B. Home health care
- C. Long-term care
- D. Elder centres
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adult daycare services. This option allows the older person to receive care and supervision during the day while her family members are at work, ensuring her safety and well-being. It also allows her to continue living with her family, promoting social interaction and community involvement.
Summary of other choices:
B: Home health care may not be suitable as it may not provide adequate supervision and social interaction during the day.
C: Long-term care is not necessary if the older person can continue living with her family.
D: Elder centres may not provide the necessary supervision and care during the day when the family members are at work.
A student asks the school nurse how acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is diagnosed. Which answer is correct?
- A. AIDS is diagnosed through the negative results of a screening test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- B. Antibodies to HIV, which form in about 6 weeks to 3 months following infection with HIV, are detected in the blood.
- C. Antibodies to HIV reach peak levels of 200/mL of blood.
- D. AIDS is diagnosed through positive ELISA results and clinical signs of AIDS.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibodies to HIV are typically detected in the blood within 6 weeks to 3 months after infection, indicating exposure to the virus. This seroconversion period is when the body starts producing antibodies to fight the HIV virus. The presence of these antibodies in the blood is a key indicator of HIV infection, leading to a diagnosis of AIDS.
Choice A is incorrect because a negative ELISA result does not diagnose AIDS, as it only indicates the absence of HIV antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as there is no specific peak level of HIV antibodies required for diagnosis. Choice D is incorrect because a positive ELISA result alone is not sufficient to diagnose AIDS; clinical signs and symptoms must also be present.
Which of the following best describes primary health care?
- A. A comprehensive way to address issues of social justice
- B. Giving care to manage acute or chronic conditions
- C. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting
- D. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Primary health care focuses on providing comprehensive and holistic care to individuals, families, and communities.
Step 2: It addresses not only physical health but also social determinants of health, promoting social justice.
Step 3: Primary health care emphasizes health promotion, disease prevention, and addressing social inequalities.
Step 4: Choice A aligns with the principles of primary health care, making it the correct answer.
Summary:
B: Incorrect - Primary health care is not limited to managing acute or chronic conditions.
C: Incorrect - Primary health care extends beyond direct care to include community and population health.
D: Incorrect - While health promotion and disease prevention are aspects, they are not the sole focus of primary health care.