Nokea
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
- A. The dog catches the Frisbee well.
- B. The band did well during the halftime show.
- C. Sarah plays her new saxophone well.
- D. The band that played before ours was good.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In English, 'well' is the appropriate adverb used to describe how an action is performed. 'Good' is an adjective and should not be used to describe actions. Therefore, the correct sentence is 'Sarah plays her new saxophone well.'
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Mr. Rogers' Biography
"It's a wonderful day in the neighborhood!" This familiar line always began the Mister Rogers' Neighborhood program on PBS. The amazing Fred Rogers brought a special message to children around the world. He believed that each person is unique and wonderful in his or her own way and we should accept others just the way they are without trying to change or improve them. Mr. Rogers spread his tolerance message far and wide through the daily broadcasts of his television show, his many books, and finally after his retirement through his website specifically designed for children. Through these venues, Mr. Rogers helped children deal with the real world things that bothered them, such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings.
Fred Rogers left a legacy of kindness, acceptance, and an unending love of learning for all generations
According to the passage, what did Fred Rogers believe in?
- A. Uniformity
- B. Conformity
- C. Uniqueness
- D. Obedience
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Fred Rogers believed in uniqueness, as stated in the passage. He advocated that each person is unique and wonderful in their own way, promoting acceptance without trying to change or improve others. This aligns with the message of embracing individuality and diversity, rather than conformity or uniformity. Therefore, the correct answer is C: 'Uniqueness'.
The Water Cycle
Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms.
The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.
Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.
Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.
What is the main idea of this passage?
- A. Water is formed from the joining of two hydrogen atoms to one atom of oxygen.
- B. Water is a versatile and important universal solvent.
- C. The different components of the water cycle are precipitation, evaporation, and condensation.
- D. Rain is a trivial part of the life cycle.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The main idea of the passage is to explain the different components of the water cycle, which include precipitation, evaporation, and condensation. The passage describes how water moves through these stages, highlighting the importance of each step in maintaining life on Earth. Options A and B are incorrect as they do not capture the central theme of the water cycle, and option D is misleading as rain, a form of precipitation, plays a crucial role in the cycle.
Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyÄ€™s cardiovascular system. The bodyÄ€™s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyÄ€™s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.
What is the primary purpose of this passage?
- A. To inform the reader about the dangers of high blood pressure
- B. To inform the reader how high blood pressure leads to a higher risk of heart attack
- C. To inform the reader how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure
- D. To persuade the reader that controlling one's blood pressure is important
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary purpose of this passage is to inform the reader about how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure. The text explains the role of various components such as baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure within the body. It focuses on the mechanisms and functions of these regulators rather than discussing the dangers of high blood pressure, its link to heart attacks, or persuading the reader to control their blood pressure.
Doppler Effect
Have you ever wondered why the whistle of a traveling, distant locomotive predicts its approach several yards before anyone actually sees it? Or why an oncoming ambulanceÄ€™s screaming siren is heard momentarily several feet before the ambulance comes into full view, before it passes you, and why its siren is still heard faintly well after the ambulance is out of sight?
What you are witnessing is a scientific phenomenon known as the Doppler Effect. What takes place is truly remarkable. In both of these instances, when the train or ambulance moves toward the sound waves in front of it, the sound waves are pulled closer together and have a higher frequency. In either instance, the listener positioned in front of the moving object hears a higher pitch. The ambulance and locomotive are progressively moving away from the sound waves behind them, causing the waves to be farther apart and to have a lower frequency. These fast-approaching modes of transportation distance themselves past the listener, who hears a lower pitch.
Which sound waves have a higher pitch?
- A. Sound waves that are closer together
- B. Sound waves that are farther apart
- C. Sound waves that travel a long distance
- D. Sound waves that travel a short distance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sound waves that are closer together. The Doppler Effect explains that when a source of sound is moving towards an observer, the sound waves are compressed, resulting in a higher frequency and thus a higher pitch. This phenomenon occurs when the source of the sound moves closer, causing the waves to be closer together. As the object moves away, the waves stretch out, leading to a lower frequency and a lower pitch. Therefore, sound waves that are closer together have a higher pitch, while those that are farther apart have a lower pitch.
Over the last few decades, medical experts have changed their thinking on the health effects of some common foods and beverages. Higher-fat foods and some alcoholic beverages like red wine and beer, once viewed as top threats to a healthy lifestyle, are now seen by many as less harmful and even as having some health benefits. But there is perhaps no topic that the medical community has reversed its
thinking on more often than coffee. Since long before the advent of modern medicine, public opinion regarding the health effects of coffee has been diverse and ever-changing. Opinion on coffee's health effects can be traced back several centuries. In the 1600s, doctors in England touted coffee as a cure for alcoholism, but some women complained that coffee was making their husbands impotent. They may have been correct, as caffeine is a
diuretic and can irritate the prostate (dehydration and prostatitis can both lead to erectile dysfunction). In the late 1700s, coffeehouses began opening all over colonial America, where coffee was seen as a healthy stimulant that helped the colonists work longer hours. But by the early 1900s, public concern grew as coffee consumption was blamed for a variety of common ailments, such as nervousness, indigestion, and insomnia. In the 1970s, medical journals published studies that linked coffee consumption with high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attacks. In 2001, a meta-study indicated that coffee was responsible for a 20% increase in risk for urinary tract cancer. But starting in 2007, to the surprise of many, meta-studies began to show positive health effects of coffee consumption. A 2007 study showed that coffee was viewed by many as "practically a health food." However, CNN also warned that given the long history of flip-flops on the health effects of coffee, medical and public opinion on coffee could easily turn negative again.
Which statement is supported by the passage?
- A. In the 2000s, studies showed negative health effects of coffee consumption.
- B. In the 1600s, some believed that coffee caused erectile dysfunction.
- C. In the late 1900s, public opinion on coffee shifted from positive to negative.
- D. In the 1800s, American colonists saw coffee as a healthy stimulant.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The passage discusses the changing opinions on the health effects of coffee over different time periods. It mentions that in the 1600s, some women complained that coffee was making their husbands impotent, which supports the idea of negative health effects. It also highlights that in the 2000s, studies showed positive health effects of coffee consumption, indicating a shift in thinking. Therefore, choice A is the statement supported by the passage, as it aligns with the information provided.