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Which stage of labor is characterized by cervical dilation from 4-10 cm?
- A. First stage
- B. Second stage
- C. Third stage
- D. Fourth stage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: First stage. This stage of labor is characterized by cervical dilation from 4-10 cm. During this stage, the cervix prepares for childbirth by thinning and opening up to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal. The first stage is further divided into early labor (0-4 cm dilation) and active labor (4-10 cm dilation). It is crucial for monitoring progress and determining when to move to the next stage of labor. The other choices are incorrect because the second stage is characterized by pushing and delivery of the baby, the third stage is delivery of the placenta, and the fourth stage is the postpartum period immediately after delivery.
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Which of the following is a potential complication of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Kernicterus
- C. Hypoglycemia
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can lead to kernicterus, a severe form of brain damage caused by high bilirubin levels.
What is the recommended method of pain relief during labor for a woman who wants to avoid medication and wants to move around freely?
- A. Nitrous oxide
- B. Intramuscular opioids
- C. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nitrous oxide is a non-invasive pain relief option that allows the woman to move freely during labor.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client following tubal ligation. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
- A. Premenstrual tension will no longer be present.
- B. My monthly menstrual period will be shorter.
- C. Hormone replacements will be needed following this procedure.
- D. Ovulation will remain the same.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ovulation will remain the same. This is correct because tubal ligation does not affect ovulation; it only prevents the released egg from traveling through the fallopian tube to the uterus. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Premenstrual tension can still occur. B: Menstrual period length is not affected by tubal ligation. C: Hormone replacements are not typically needed after tubal ligation unless there are other medical reasons.
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
- A. To transport oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus
- B. To remove waste products from the fetus
- C. To regulate fetal temperature
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The placenta serves multiple functions, including transporting oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products, and helping regulate fetal temperature.
Which of the following is a potential legal issue related to informed consent in maternal and newborn healthcare?
- A. Failure to obtain informed consent
- B. Lack of understanding by the patient or family
- C. Coercion or duress in obtaining consent
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. This is because failure to obtain informed consent violates patient autonomy and can lead to legal consequences. Lack of understanding by the patient or family can result in invalid consent. Coercion or duress in obtaining consent undermines voluntary decision-making. Therefore, all three options represent potential legal issues related to informed consent in maternal and newborn healthcare.