Nokea
Which structure is the largest part of the airway?
- A. Alveoli
- B. Bronchi
- C. Bronchioles
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is the trachea. The trachea is the largest part of the airway and serves as the main passageway for air to enter and exit the lungs. It connects the larynx to the bronchi and is an essential component of the respiratory system. The alveoli, although crucial for gas exchange, are tiny air sacs in the lungs and not the largest part of the airway. Bronchi and bronchioles are smaller airway passages that branch off from the trachea, making them smaller in size compared to the trachea.
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What is the smallest bone in the human body?
- A. Stapes (Middle ear bone)
- B. Patella (Kneecap)
- C. Phalanges (Finger bones)
- D. Ribs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stapes (Middle ear bone). The stapes, located in the middle ear, is indeed the smallest bone in the human body. Despite its small size, the stapes is vital for hearing as it transmits and amplifies sound vibrations, contributing significantly to auditory perception. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body, not the smallest bone. Phalanges are the bones in fingers and toes, not the smallest bone overall. Ribs are long bones that protect the chest cavity, not the smallest bone in the body.
What potential consequences can chromosomal nondisjunction have on offspring?
- A. Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- B. Turner syndrome, characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females.
- C. Klinefelter syndrome, featuring one or more extra X chromosomes in males.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: - Chromosomal nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells.
- Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two.
- Turner syndrome is characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females, leading to a variety of physical and developmental features.
- Klinefelter syndrome features one or more extra X chromosomes in males, typically resulting in infertility and other physical characteristics.
Therefore, chromosomal nondisjunction can lead to various genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome, making option D the correct answer.
Which vitamin plays a vital role in immune function?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin B12
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin D is the correct answer. It plays a vital role in immune function by regulating the immune system and enhancing the pathogen-fighting effects of monocytes and macrophages. Deficiency in Vitamin D has been linked to increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases, highlighting its importance in maintaining a healthy immune response. Vitamin A (Choice A) is essential for vision and skin health but is not primarily known for its role in immune function. Vitamin B12 (Choice B) is important for red blood cell formation and neurological function, not specifically immune function. Vitamin E (Choice D) acts as an antioxidant and is beneficial for skin health and cell function, but it is not primarily associated with immune system support.
The gland located on top of the kidneys responsible for regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance is the:
- A. Thyroid gland
- B. Pituitary gland
- C. Adrenal gland
- D. Parathyroid gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The gland located on top of the kidneys responsible for regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance is the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland produces hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, which play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body. The other choices, thyroid gland (choice A), pituitary gland (choice B), and parathyroid gland (choice D), do not have a primary role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating metabolism, the pituitary gland controls various endocrine functions, and the parathyroid gland regulates calcium levels in the body.
What is the primary function of the coronary arteries in the cardiovascular system?
- A. Carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
- B. Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle
- C. Pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation
- D. Regulate blood pressure in the systemic circulation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary function of the coronary arteries is to carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Oxygenated blood is crucial for providing nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle cells, enabling the heart to work efficiently. Without this oxygenated blood supply, the heart muscle may not receive the required nutrients and oxygen, potentially resulting in heart damage or dysfunction. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as coronary arteries do not carry deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle, pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation, or regulate blood pressure in the systemic circulation. The coronary arteries specifically supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle to support its function and vitality.