Nokea
Which syndrome of incomplete spinal cord lesion is described as cord damage common in the cervical region resulting in greater weakness in upper extremities than lower?
- A. Central cord syndrome
- B. Anterior cord syndrome
- C. Posterior cord syndrome
- D. Cauda equina and conus medullaris syndromes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Central cord syndrome often results in greater weakness in the upper extremities.
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The two parts of the nervous system are the:
- A. Motor and sensory.
- B. Central and peripheral.
- C. Peripheral and autonomic.
- D. Hypothalamus and cerebral.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Central and peripheral. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all nerves outside the CNS. This division is essential for understanding the organization and functions of the nervous system. Choice A is incorrect because motor and sensory are functions, not divisions of the nervous system. Choice C is incorrect because the autonomic nervous system is a component of the PNS, not a separate part. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus and cerebral are specific structures within the CNS, not the divisions of the nervous system.
The diagnostic manual used by clinicians called DSM-IV-TR identifies two broader diagnostic syndromes into which many neurological disorders fall. Dementia is one which is characterised by which of the following:
- A. The impairment of basic cognitive functions.
- B. The impairment of physical abilities.
- C. The impairment of memory.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dementia is a neurological syndrome characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is often accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Dementia can result from various causes, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or traumatic brain injury, and it significantly impacts an individual's quality of life and independence.
Which of the following conditions is the result of a ruptured cerebral blood vessel and the release of blood into the brain tissue?
- A. Ischemic stroke
- B. Transient ischemic attack
- C. Cerebral aneurysm
- D. Hemorrhagic stroke
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A hemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding into the brain tissue.
To elicit a Plantar reflex:
- A. Gently tap the Achilles tendon
- B. Stroke the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot from heel to ball
- C. Present a noxious odor to a person
- D. Observe the person walking heel to toe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Plantar reflex is elicited by stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot from the heel to the ball of the foot with a blunt object. This tests the integrity of the corticospinal tract. A normal response in adults is plantar flexion of the toes.
The nurse practitioner is evaluating a patient with cluster headaches who has been prescribed sumatriptan (Imitrex). Which finding indicates that the medication is working?
- A. Decreased symptoms
- B. Absence of headaches
- C. Improved neurological function
- D. Decreased frequency of headaches
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Decreased symptoms. Sumatriptan works by constricting blood vessels in the brain, reducing inflammation and pain associated with cluster headaches. Therefore, a decrease in symptoms such as intensity of pain, duration of headache, and associated symptoms indicates that the medication is working effectively. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the absence of headaches may not be realistic, improved neurological function may not be directly related to the medication, and decreased frequency of headaches does not necessarily imply effectiveness in managing the current headache episode.