Nokea
Which task is most crucial for the community health nurse to do well?
- A. Review the most recent morbidity and mortality data.
- B. Create a new clinic to better meet local health needs.
- C. Evaluate the results of the recent screening program.
- D. Give testimony regarding proposed state health legislation.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Giving testimony reflects policy development, a core public health function with a broader impact than assessment or local interventions.
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Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?
- A. Encouraging people to exercise regularly
- B. Providing early detection screenings for breast cancer
- C. Providing vaccines to prevent disease
- D. Offering smoking cessation programs to prevent lung cancer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because providing early detection screenings for breast cancer falls under secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat a disease in its early stages to prevent complications. This approach helps identify the disease before symptoms appear, improving treatment outcomes.
A, encouraging people to exercise regularly, is an example of primary prevention, focusing on preventing the disease from occurring in the first place. C, providing vaccines to prevent disease, is also an example of primary prevention by preventing the disease from developing. D, offering smoking cessation programs to prevent lung cancer, is a combination of primary and secondary prevention, as it aims to prevent the disease by eliminating the risk factor and also detects potential cases early.
Which led to the creation of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
- A. Attempting to explain why individuals engage in health actions
- B. Attempting to identify health behaviors of military spouses
- C. Attempting to understand why people chose unhealthy and high-risk behaviors
- D. Attempting to understand why people did not flock to free health care
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The HBM was created to explain why people did or did not participate in health education programs to prevent or detect disease, even when the programs were free. The HBM addresses factors that provide health-enhancing behaviors. Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) aims to explain why individuals engage in health actions. HPM has been used in studies identifying factors that enhance health-promoting behaviors of military spouses.
A nurse who is providing education spends more time being quiet than giving information. Which best explains this behavior?
- A. The nurse had previously reviewed the day's material.
- B. The nurse is demonstrating respect for the participants.
- C. The nurse is encouraging group discussion.
- D. The nurse is listening to the group's dialogue to identify problems.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The exchange of ideas and concerns creates a problem-posing dialogue and identifies root problems or generative themes. The group members themselves create relevant action plans that are congruent with their own reality. Therefore to be effective, the nurse must listen to ensure that teaching reflects what the group wants to learn. Demonstrating respect, encouraging group discussion, and being prepared are all important roles of the nurse, but the reason why the nurse is quiet is to listen and understand the issues the group faces.
Which of the following is an example of a health disparity?
- A. Higher rates of lung cancer in individuals who smoke
- B. Higher rates of diabetes in a low-income community
- C. Higher rates of hypertension in older adults
- D. Higher rates of asthma in individuals with allergies
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it demonstrates a health disparity based on socioeconomic status. Low-income communities often lack access to healthcare, healthy food, and resources for managing diabetes. This leads to higher rates of diabetes compared to more affluent areas. Choices A, C, and D do not specifically illustrate disparities related to social determinants of health, making them incorrect. A is about individual lifestyle choices, C is related to age, and D is about a common association between asthma and allergies, not a disparity.
Which of the following is a primary prevention strategy for preventing the spread of infectious diseases?
- A. Offering vaccines to prevent disease
- B. Providing antibiotics to treat infected individuals
- C. Promoting the use of condoms to prevent STIs
- D. Providing education on proper handwashing techniques
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because offering vaccines is a primary prevention strategy that aims to prevent the occurrence of disease in the first place by building immunity against specific pathogens. This approach targets the root cause of infectious diseases and helps reduce the spread within the population. Vaccines are administered before exposure to the disease, making them a proactive measure.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they fall under secondary or tertiary prevention strategies. Providing antibiotics (B) treats infected individuals after they have already contracted the disease, which is a secondary prevention measure. Promoting condom use (C) aims to reduce the risk of transmission after exposure, making it a form of secondary prevention for STIs. Education on handwashing techniques (D) is a good hygiene practice, but it is more focused on reducing the spread of infections after exposure, making it a secondary prevention strategy as well.