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Which term describes a position closer to the midline of the body? Example: The chest is medial to the arm.
- A. Lateral
- B. Medial
- C. Proximal
- D. Distal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Medial.' 'Medial' refers to a position closer to the midline of the body, while 'lateral' refers to a position further from the midline. 'Proximal' describes a position closer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body, while 'distal' refers to a position further away from the point of attachment or trunk.
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Which cells myelinate neurons in the PNS?
- A. Oligodendrocytes
- B. Astrocytes
- C. Schwann cells
- D. Microglia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Schwann cells are the glial cells responsible for myelinating neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They form the myelin sheath around axons, which helps in the conduction of electrical impulses. Oligodendrocytes, on the other hand, myelinate neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes primarily provide support for neuronal function by regulating the chemical environment around neurons and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Microglia are part of the immune response in the CNS, where they act as the resident macrophages, playing a role in immune surveillance and response to injury or disease. Therefore, the correct answer is Schwann cells (Choice C) as they specifically myelinate neurons in the PNS, differentiating them from the other cell types mentioned in the choices.
Which of the following terms refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment?
- A. Growth
- B. Responsiveness
- C. Reproduction
- D. Development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Responsiveness is the correct term that refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment. In this context, growth is incorrect as it pertains to an increase in size or number, reproduction involves producing offspring, and development refers to the process of growth, maturation, and differentiation of cells and tissues. Therefore, 'Responsiveness' is the most appropriate term for the given description.
What is the main role of the large intestine in digestion?
- A. Absorbing proteins
- B. Absorbing carbohydrates
- C. Absorbing fats
- D. Absorbing water
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The main role of the large intestine in digestion is to absorb water. When food reaches the large intestine, most nutrients have already been absorbed by the small intestine. In the large intestine, water is absorbed from the remaining undigested food, helping to form solid waste (feces). Absorbing proteins, carbohydrates, or fats primarily occurs in the small intestine, not in the large intestine. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.
Which of the following best describes the relationship among density, volume, and mass?
- A. As volume increases, density decreases.
- B. As volume decreases, density increases.
- C. An object's mass does not affect its density.
- D. As volume decreases, mass increases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'As volume decreases, density increases.' This is because density is defined as mass divided by volume. When volume decreases and mass remains constant, the ratio of mass to volume increases, leading to higher density. Choice A is incorrect because as volume increases, density typically remains constant or increases due to the mass also increasing. Choice C is incorrect because an object's density is directly influenced by its mass. Choice D is incorrect as decreasing volume does not lead to an increase in mass.
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
- A. Nucleus
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Golgi apparatus
- D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. The other organelles listed, such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and ribosome, have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in energy production. The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic material and controlling cell activities. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.