Nokea
Which term describes the amino acids that are synthesized by the body?
- A. essential amino acids.
- B. nonessential amino acids.
- C. complete amino acids.
- D. incomplete amino acids.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nonessential amino acids. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body, so they do not need to be obtained through the diet. Essential amino acids, choice A, must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot produce them. Choices C and D, complete and incomplete amino acids respectively, do not accurately describe the classification of amino acids based on synthesis by the body.
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At what pH does the digestion of protein by pepsin in the stomach require?
- A. 1.8 and 3.5.
- B. 4.8 and 7.0.
- C. 6.8 and 8.5.
- D. 7.8 and 10.0.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1.8 and 3.5. Pepsin, an enzyme involved in protein digestion, functions optimally in an acidic environment, specifically between pH 1.8 and 3.5. This low pH is necessary for pepsin to break down proteins effectively. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because pepsin requires a highly acidic environment, ruling out the pH ranges listed in those options.
Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?
- A. Secretin.
- B. Cholecystokinin (CCK).
- C. Gastrin.
- D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. Secretin primarily acts on the pancreas to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid. Gastrin functions in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, while Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.
What are the small, fingerlike projections into the intestinal lumen called?
- A. Villi
- B. Goblets
- C. Lacteals
- D. Polyps
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Villi. Villi are small fingerlike projections in the intestine that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. Goblets (choice B) are mucus-secreting cells in the intestines. Lacteals (choice C) are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats. Polyps (choice D) are abnormal tissue growths.
Regurgitation or reflux of acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus is known as:
- A. hiatal hernia.
- B. diverticulitis.
- C. gastroenteritis.
- D. gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation. Choice A, hiatal hernia, is a condition where part of the stomach pushes up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm. Choice B, diverticulitis, is inflammation or infection of small pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system. Choice C, gastroenteritis, is inflammation of the stomach and intestines typically caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Therefore, only choice D accurately describes the regurgitation or reflux of acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus.
The process of breaking down body protein into amino acids for energy is known as:
- A. Deamination.
- B. Transamination.
- C. Transcription.
- D. Catabolism.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Catabolism. Catabolism involves the breakdown of body proteins into amino acids to be used as energy when there is an inadequate dietary intake. Choices A and B, deamination and transamination, involve the removal and transfer of amino groups, respectively, but not the breakdown of body proteins. Choice C, transcription, is a process in genetics where DNA is used to create mRNA, not related to breaking down body proteins.