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Which type of neuron transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands?
- A. Afferent
- B. Affective
- C. Efferent
- D. Effective A1 PASSERS TRAINING, RESEARCH, REVIEW & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING SET M
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Efferent neurons transmit impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. This is because efferent neurons are responsible for carrying motor signals away from the central nervous system to control muscle movement and gland secretion.
Afferent neurons (choice A) transmit sensory information from the body to the central nervous system. Affective (choice B) is not a term used in neuroscience for describing neuron functions. Effective (choice D) is not a term used in neuroscience and does not describe the specific function of transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
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Which of the following terms indicates that the patient has a hearing loss caused by aging?
- A. Otoplasty
- B. Presbycusis
- C. Otalgia
- D. Tinnitus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Presbycusis. Presbycusis refers to age-related hearing loss, commonly affecting higher frequencies. As people age, changes in the inner ear structures can lead to hearing loss. Otoplasty (A) is a surgical procedure to correct ear deformities, not related to aging. Otalgia (C) refers to ear pain, not specifically related to aging. Tinnitus (D) is the perception of ringing or buzzing in the ears, which can occur at any age and is not exclusive to age-related hearing loss.
Which screening test for colorectal cancer should the nurse recommend?
- A. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test
- B. Annual digital examination after age 50
- C. Barium enema after age 50
- D. Proctosigmoidoscopy after age 50
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct screening test for colorectal cancer is D: Proctosigmoidoscopy after age 50. This test allows direct visualization of the lower colon and rectum, aiding in the detection of polyps or tumors. It is recommended for individuals over 50 years old to screen for colorectal cancer. A: CEA test is not a primary screening tool but rather used for monitoring cancer progression. B: Annual digital examination is not sufficient for colorectal cancer screening. C: Barium enema is less effective compared to colonoscopy for detecting abnormalities in the colon.
A nurse is implementing interventions for a group of patients. Which actions are nursing interventions? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Order chest x-ray for suspected arm fracture.
- B. Prescribe antibiotics for a wound infection.
- C. Reposition a patient who is on bed rest.
- D. Teach a patient preoperative exercises.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Repositioning a patient who is on bed rest is a nursing intervention as it involves direct patient care to prevent complications like pressure ulcers.
Step 2: Nursing interventions aim to promote patient health, prevent illness, and provide comfort.
Step 3: Ordering chest x-ray and prescribing antibiotics are medical interventions, beyond the scope of nursing practice.
Step 4: Teaching preoperative exercises falls under nursing education but not a direct nursing intervention involving patient care.
Summary: Choice C is correct as it aligns with the essence of nursing interventions focusing on patient care and wellbeing. Choices A, B, and D involve actions that are not within the scope of nursing interventions.
A patient is admitted to a medical unit with a diagnosis of heart failure. The patient reports that she has had increasing fatigue during the past 2 weeks. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this fatigue?
- A. Dyspnea
- B. Decreased cardiac output
- C. Dry cough
- D. Orthopnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decreased cardiac output. Fatigue in heart failure is primarily due to decreased cardiac output, leading to reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues, causing fatigue. Dyspnea (A) is shortness of breath, not fatigue. Dry cough (C) is more associated with conditions like pulmonary issues, not fatigue. Orthopnea (D) is difficulty breathing while lying down, not specifically related to fatigue. Hence, decreased cardiac output is the most likely cause of fatigue in this patient.
When preparing a site for venipunctures with alcohol, how long must the area be cleaned?
- A. 5 seconds
- B. 10 seconds
- C. 30 seconds
- D. 60 seconds
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 60 seconds. This is because the area must be cleaned for at least 60 seconds to effectively disinfect the skin and reduce the risk of infection during venipuncture. Cleaning for shorter durations (5, 10, or 30 seconds) may not be sufficient to achieve proper disinfection. Thoroughly cleaning the area for a full minute ensures that the alcohol has enough time to kill bacteria and pathogens on the skin, making it safer for the venipuncture procedure. Shorter cleaning times may leave pathogens behind, increasing the risk of contamination and infection.