Nokea
Which vertebrate body system is most closely associated functionally with respiration?
- A. urinary
- B. digestive
- C. endocrine
- D. circulatory
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: circulatory system. This system is most closely associated with respiration as it transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The other choices (A: urinary, B: digestive, C: endocrine) are not directly involved in the process of respiration and do not play a significant role in the exchange of gases in the body.
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A nurse observes that a client's anteroposterior (AP) chest diameter is the same as the lateral chest diameter. Which question would the nurse ask the client in response to this finding?
- A. Are you taking any medications or herbal supplements?
- B. Do you have any chronic breathing problems?
- C. How often do you perform aerobic exercise?
- D. What is your occupation and what are your hobbies?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Do you have any chronic breathing problems? This question is appropriate because equal AP and lateral chest diameters could indicate barrel chest, which is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other chronic breathing problems. Asking about chronic breathing problems can help the nurse further assess the client's respiratory health.
Incorrect answers:
A: Are you taking any medications or herbal supplements? This question is not directly related to the observed chest diameter findings.
C: How often do you perform aerobic exercise? This question is not relevant to the physical assessment findings and does not address the potential respiratory issue.
D: What is your occupation and what are your hobbies? This question does not directly address the equal AP and lateral chest diameters and does not help in assessing the respiratory status of the client.
The ED nurse is assessing the respiratory function of a teenage girl who presented with acute shortness of breath. Auscultation reveals continuous wheezes during inspiration and expiration. This finding is most suggestive of what?
- A. Pleurisy
- B. Emphysema
- C. Asthma
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The continuous wheezes heard on auscultation during both inspiration and expiration in a teenage girl with acute shortness of breath are highly suggestive of asthma. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leading to wheezing on both inspiration and expiration. Other choices like pleurisy typically present with sharp chest pain worsened by breathing, emphysema with decreased breath sounds and barrel chest, and pneumonia with crackles and possibly fever.
The function of tracheal cilia is to
- A. Pass mucus out
- B. Pass mucus in
- C. Pass air out
- D. Pass air out
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pass mucus out. Tracheal cilia help move mucus, which contains dust, debris, and pathogens, out of the respiratory tract to prevent infections and maintain clear airways. This process is known as mucociliary clearance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because tracheal cilia do not pass mucus in, pass air out, or pass air in. Tracheal cilia specifically function to clear mucus out of the respiratory tract.
Which of the following factors would decrease the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
- A. increased temperature
- B. decreased pH
- C. decreased tissue PO2
- D. decreased amounts of BPG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: decreased amounts of BPG. BPG binds to hemoglobin, reducing its affinity for oxygen. Without BPG, hemoglobin holds onto oxygen tightly, decreasing its release to tissues. Increased temperature (choice A) and decreased pH (choice B) actually enhance oxygen release by hemoglobin through the Bohr effect. Decreased tissue PO2 (choice C) triggers hemoglobin to release more oxygen due to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Which type of acid-base imbalance can result from the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Respiratory acidosis
- C. Metabolic alkalosis
- D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase leads to decreased bicarbonate levels, causing metabolic alkalosis. Without adequate bicarbonate, the body accumulates excess base, resulting in alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis (A) is incorrect because inhibition of carbonic anhydrase would lead to excess base, not acid. Respiratory acidosis (B) and respiratory alkalosis (D) are incorrect as they are caused by respiratory, not metabolic, disturbances.