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A nurse is planning an educational program for a group of older adults at a senior living center. Which of the following recommendations should the nurse include?
- A. You should receive a pneumococcal vaccine when you are 65 years old.
- B. You should receive a shingles vaccine when you are 70 years old.
- C. You should receive a tetanus booster every 5 years.
- D. You should have an eye examination every 2 years.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Choice A is correct because the pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for adults aged 65 and older to prevent pneumonia and other pneumococcal diseases. This recommendation aligns with the age group of the older adults at the senior living center. A shingles vaccine is actually recommended at age 50, not 70 (B). Tetanus boosters are recommended every 10 years, not 5 (C). Eye examinations are typically recommended annually, not every 2 years (D). Therefore, choice A is the most appropriate recommendation for the nurse to include in the educational program.
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Which finding indicates a need to contact the health care provider before the nurse
administers metformin (Glucophage)?
- A. The patient’s blood glucose level is 174 mg/dL.
- B. The patient has gained 2 lb (0.9 kg) since yesterday.
- C. The patient is scheduled for a chest x-ray in an hour
- D. The patient’s blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is 52 mg/dL.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an elevated BUN level of 52 mg/dL indicates potential kidney dysfunction, which is a contraindication for metformin due to the risk of lactic acidosis.
A: Blood glucose level of 174 mg/dL is slightly high but not a contraindication for metformin.
B: Weight gain is unrelated to metformin administration.
C: Chest x-ray does not directly impact metformin administration.
Which of the following best describes the concept of just culture in a healthcare organization?
- A. A culture of blaming individuals for mistakes
- B. A culture of encouraging reporting and learning from errors
- C. A culture of punishing individuals for errors
- D. A culture of ignoring errors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a just culture in healthcare encourages reporting and learning from errors to improve patient safety and quality of care. This fosters a transparent environment where individuals feel safe to report errors without fear of punishment. By analyzing mistakes, healthcare organizations can implement preventive measures and enhance systems to prevent future errors. Choice A is incorrect as just culture avoids blaming individuals; Choice C is incorrect as it does not promote punishment but focuses on learning; and Choice D is incorrect as just culture acknowledges and addresses errors for continuous improvement.
As the definition of nursing evolved, which of the following nurse theorists focused on the uniqueness of nursing?
- A. Florence Nightingale
- B. Virginia Henderson
- C. Martha Rogers
- D. Abraham Maslow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Virginia Henderson is the correct answer because she emphasized the unique role of nursing in helping individuals achieve independence in meeting their basic needs. Henderson's theory focuses on the holistic approach to patient care, highlighting the importance of individualized care and the nurse's role in assisting patients to reach their optimal health potential.
Florence Nightingale, known as the founder of modern nursing, focused on sanitation and environmental factors in health care. Martha Rogers emphasized the interconnectedness of humans with their environment. Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which is more aligned with psychology than nursing.
The type of theory that discusses how motivation works to direct a person's efforts is:
- A. Reinforcement.
- B. Operant.
- C. Conditioning.
- D. Process.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Process. Process theories of motivation focus on how individuals initiate, sustain, and direct their behavior towards achieving goals. These theories explore the cognitive processes involved in motivation, such as goal-setting, expectancy, and self-regulation. They highlight the importance of understanding individuals' thought processes and decision-making in driving their efforts.
Rationale:
A: Reinforcement theories primarily focus on how behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards and punishments. While reinforcement is a factor in motivation, it does not address the cognitive processes underlying motivation.
B: Operant theories, like reinforcement, concentrate on how behavior is shaped by consequences. However, they do not delve into the internal cognitive processes that drive motivation.
C: Conditioning theories, such as classical and operant conditioning, emphasize how behavior is learned through associations and reinforcements. While conditioning plays a role in shaping behavior, it does not directly address how motivation works to direct efforts based on cognitive processes.
In summary, the correct answer, D
A __________ is often helpful to use when a problem is not easily identified.
- A. trial and error
- B. Delphi method
- C. political decision-making model
- D. affinity map
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: affinity map. When a problem is not easily identified, using an affinity map can help organize and visually represent different ideas or information related to the issue. This method allows for clustering similar themes or concepts, leading to a clearer understanding of the problem.
A: Trial and error involves randomly trying different solutions without a systematic approach.
B: The Delphi method is a structured communication technique for gathering opinions from experts, which may not directly help in identifying the problem.
C: Political decision-making model focuses on power dynamics and interests, which may not be relevant for problem identification.
In summary, using an affinity map promotes structured organization of information, making it the most suitable choice for identifying unclear problems.