Nokea
While caring for a patient scheduled for knee replacement surgery, the nurse provides cefazolin (Ancef) as ordered 30 minutes pre-operatively. The nurse knows that teaching has been effective by which of the following client statements?
- A. The antibiotic is given as a prophylactic to help reduce the risk of infection after surgery.'
- B. This is a palliative medication to help ease the pain from surgery.'
- C. This medication will replace vitamins and minerals that may be lost due to bleeding during surgery.'
- D. This medication will help the surgeon identify areas of bone destruction due to arthritis.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cefazolin is administered pre-operatively as prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infections, aligning with standard practice and effective patient understanding.
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The major factor in terminating the action of ethanol is
- A. Biotransformation
- B. Excretion through lungs
- C. Excretion unchanged in urine
- D. Excretion in feces
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ethanol is primarily metabolized by the liver (biotransformation) via alcohol dehydrogenase.
A 31-year-old woman with chronic anemia presents with a deepening of her voice and a decrease in breast size.
- A. Clomiphene
- B. Hydrochlorothiazide
- C. Furosemide
- D. Nandrolone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nandrolone, an anabolic steroid, causes virilization (voice deepening, breast reduction).
Which of the following is a stimulative mechanism of insulin secretion:
- A. Hyperglicemia and decrease of intracellular ATP
- B. Increase of intracellular ATP and opening of ATP-depended K+ channels
- C. Increase of intracellular ATP and closure of ATP-depended K+ channels
- D. Closure of potential depended Ca+2 channels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin secretion is stimulated by increased ATP closing K+ channels, depolarizing beta cells and opening Ca2+ channels.
Which of the following statements best defines how a chemical becomes a drug?
- A. A chemical must have a proven therapeutic value or efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging properties to become a drug.
- B. A chemical becomes a drug when it is introduced into the body to cause a change.
- C. A chemical is considered a drug when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves its release to be marketed.
- D. A chemical must have demonstrated therapeutic value to become a drug.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A chemical must undergo a series of tests to determine its therapeutic value and efficacy without severe toxicity or damaging properties before it is termed a drug. Test results are reported to the FDA, which may or may not give approval.
Tick the substance which changes the activity of an effector element but doesn't belong to second messengers:
- A. cAMP
- B. cGMP
- C. G-protein
- D. Calcium ions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: G-protein is a transducer, not a second messenger, unlike cAMP, cGMP, and calcium.