Nokea
Who believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction?
- A. Jean Piaget
- B. Ren©e Baillargeon
- C. Noam Chomsky
- D. Lev Vygotsky
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural tools in the development of higher cognitive functions. Jean Piaget focused more on individual cognitive development stages, Ren©e Baillargeon is known for her work in infant cognition and object permanence, and Noam Chomsky is renowned for his theories in linguistics and the study of language.
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Women who __________ tend to reach menopause earlier.
- A. have had two or more children
- B. do not smoke
- C. have not borne children
- D. have borne twins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'have not borne children.' Women who have not borne children may experience menopause earlier due to lower levels of certain reproductive hormones. Having two or more children (choice A) is not typically associated with reaching menopause earlier. Smoking (choice B) is known to have negative effects on menopause but does not necessarily cause it to happen earlier. Borne twins (choice D) is a specific scenario and not a general factor influencing the timing of menopause.
What increases from early to middle adulthood?
- A. Possible selves
- B. Self-doubt
- C. Destructiveness
- D. Autonomy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Possible selves are ideas about what one might become in the future, which increase during the transition from early to middle adulthood. This period is characterized by individuals exploring and considering different potential future selves. Self-doubt (choice B) typically decreases as individuals become more confident and self-assured in middle adulthood. Destructiveness (choice C) is not a common developmental trend during this period. Autonomy (choice D) is a concept related to independence and self-governance, which may develop over a person's lifespan but does not specifically increase during the transition from early to middle adulthood.
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.
- A. sensorimotor reflex
- B. circular reaction
- C. mental representation
- D. goal-directed behavior
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.
Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?
- A. guilt
- B. happiness
- C. interest
- D. fear
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, guilt. Guilt is a self-conscious emotion that involves reflecting on one's actions and feeling remorse. Self-conscious emotions are those that require self-reflection and self-evaluation. Choices B, C, and D are not self-conscious emotions. Happiness and fear are not self-conscious emotions as they do not necessarily involve self-reflection. Interest is not a self-conscious emotion but rather a feeling of curiosity or attraction towards something.
Among preschoolers, __________ contributes to gains in emotional self-regulation.
- A. permissive child rearing
- B. authoritarian child rearing
- C. language
- D. family size
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Language development plays a crucial role in emotional self-regulation in preschoolers. It enables children to express and manage their emotions effectively. Choices A and B, permissive and authoritarian child rearing styles, focus more on the parenting approach rather than the child's intrinsic development. Family size, as mentioned in choice D, does not directly contribute to gains in emotional self-regulation.