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Mr. Rogers' Biography
"It's a wonderful day in the neighborhood!" This familiar line always began the Mister Rogers' Neighborhood program on PBS. The amazing Fred Rogers brought a special message to children around the world. He believed that each person is unique and wonderful in his or her own way and we should accept others just the way they are without trying to change or improve them. Mr. Rogers spread his tolerance message far and wide through the daily broadcasts of his television show, his many books, and finally after his retirement through his website specifically designed for children. Through these venues, Mr. Rogers helped children deal with the real world things that bothered them, such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings.
Fred Rogers left a legacy of kindness, acceptance, and an unending love of learning for all generations
Why did the author write the passage?
- A. He wanted to criticize Fred Rogers' methods.
- B. He aimed to entertain readers with fictional stories.
- C. He wanted to inform readers or the audience about Fred Rogers.
- D. He sought to compare Fred Rogers to other television personalities.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The passage provides information about Fred Rogers, his beliefs, his impact on children through his television show, books, and website, as well as his legacy of kindness, acceptance, and love of learning. The author's intent was to inform readers or the audience about Fred Rogers and the positive messages he shared. This is evident from the content focusing on Mr. Rogers' messages, his outreach to children, and the legacy he left behind.
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Lightning Strikes
The old wives' tale of "Lightning never strikes twice" has been proven untrue time and time again. Lightning forms from negative and positive charges within clouds and from the earth below. When these charges react with each other, the air between the cloud and the earth ionizes, which produces a lightning flash. Lightning is actually a series of multiple events consisting of a leader stroke of lightning, followed by as many as 40 smaller strokes of lightning. Being just split seconds apart, these strokes of lightning often reflect off the lining of the clouds.
Lightning rods that extend from above the roof to the ground protect buildings by forming a low resistance path for the lightning so that the lightning does not enter the building, but rather defuses as it penetrates the ground.
Some myths about lightning need to be explained. Lightning does strike tall buildings often, and during a particularly violent storm, a tall building may be hit by lightning several times. The safest place during a thunder and lightning storm is in a metal car or lying flat, face down, in the open, not under a tree as the myth suggests.
Many people believe that thunder and lightning are connected; however, this proves to be true only about 50% of the time, so if you're waiting for the clap of thunder, you're missing out on some exciting strokes of lightning!
Lightning causes injuries, deaths, and forest fires each year. However, some scientists reveal the positive aspects of lightning because it releases nitrogen into the atmosphere which the raindrops then deliver to earth to fertilize our soil.
When taking cover from lightning, you should:
- A. Stand under a tree for protection
- B. Seek shelter in a wooden building
- C. Get into a metal car, or lie flat on the ground
- D. Stay outside and continue your activity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During a thunder and lightning storm, the safest course of action is to get into a metal car or lie flat on the ground. Standing under a tree is dangerous as trees can attract lightning. Seeking shelter in a wooden building is also risky as wood is a conductor of electricity. Staying outside and continuing activities during a lightning storm is extremely dangerous and should be avoided at all costs. The metal car or lying flat on the ground provide a path of low resistance for the lightning, reducing the risk of harm.
Doppler Effect
Have you ever wondered why the whistle of a traveling, distant locomotive predicts its approach several yards before anyone actually sees it? Or why an oncoming ambulance's screaming siren is heard momentarily several feet before the ambulance comes into full view, before it passes you, and why its siren is still heard faintly well after the ambulance is out of sight?
What you are witnessing is a scientific phenomenon known as the Doppler Effect. What takes place is truly remarkable. In both of these instances, when the train or ambulance moves toward the sound waves in front of it, the sound waves are pulled closer together and have a higher frequency. In either instance, the listener positioned in front of the moving object hears a higher pitch. The ambulance and locomotive are progressively moving away from the sound waves behind them, causing the waves to be farther apart and to have a lower frequency. These fast-approaching modes of transportation distance themselves past the listener, who hears a lower pitch.
What is the meaning of the word phenomenon in the second paragraph?
- A. Something that is lifeless to the senses
- B. Something that is nonchalant
- C. Something that is significant but unusual
- D. Something that is chemical in origin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the context of the passage, the word 'phenomenon' refers to something that is significant but unusual. The Doppler Effect described is a scientific phenomenon, meaning it is an observable event that is noteworthy and not commonly encountered. It is not related to being lifeless, nonchalant, or having a chemical origin. The explanation in the passage clearly illustrates how the Doppler Effect is a remarkable occurrence that affects the perception of sound based on the relative motion of the source and the listener.
Lightning Strikes
The old wives' tale of "Lightning never strikes twice" has been proven untrue time and time again. Lightning forms from negative and positive charges within clouds and from the earth below. When these charges react with each other, the air between the cloud and the earth ionizes, which produces a lightning flash. Lightning is actually a series of multiple events consisting of a leader stroke of lightning, followed by as many as 40 smaller strokes of lightning. Being just split seconds apart, these strokes of lightning often reflect off the lining of the clouds.
Lightning rods that extend from above the roof to the ground protect buildings by forming a low resistance path for the lightning so that the lightning does not enter the building, but rather defuses as it penetrates the ground.
Some myths about lightning need to be explained. Lightning does strike tall buildings often, and during a particularly violent storm, a tall building may be hit by lightning several times. The safest place during a thunder and lightning storm is in a metal car or lying flat, face down, in the open, not under a tree as the myth suggests.
Many people believe that thunder and lightning are connected; however, this proves to be true only about 50% of the time, so if you're waiting for the clap of thunder, you're missing out on some exciting strokes of lightning!
Lightning causes injuries, deaths, and forest fires each year. However, some scientists reveal the positive aspects of lightning because it releases nitrogen into the atmosphere which the raindrops then deliver to earth to fertilize our soil.
Based on the provided information, the reader can conclude that lightning:
- A. Always consists of a single stroke
- B. Is harmless and does not pose any risk
- C. Consists of a main stroke and several smaller strokes
- D. Only occurs during thunderstorms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Consists of a main stroke and several smaller strokes'. The text explains that lightning is actually a series of multiple events, starting with a leader stroke followed by as many as 40 smaller strokes of lightning. This information contradicts choice A, which suggests lightning always consists of a single stroke. Choice B is incorrect because the text clearly states that lightning causes injuries, deaths, and forest fires, indicating that it poses risks. Choice D is incorrect as lightning rods protect buildings even when there is no thunderstorm, suggesting that lightning can occur independently of thunderstorms. Therefore, the conclusion drawn from the text is that lightning consists of a main stroke and several smaller strokes, making option C the correct answer.
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is a continuous process by which water circulates through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land. This cycle is essential for supporting all forms of life and maintaining the Earth's climate. Water undergoes various changes in state—evaporating from the surface, condensing in the atmosphere, and precipitating back to the surface. At its start, the sun heats up water in rivers, lakes, and oceans, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapor. Once in the atmosphere, this vapor cools and condenses into clouds. Over time, these clouds get heavy and release precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or sleet, which falls back to the Earth's surface. Some of this precipitation collects in bodies of water, while some seeps into the soil, replenishing groundwater supplies. Additionally, some water returns to the atmosphere through transpiration, a process where water is released from plants. The cycle is critical not only for water distribution but also for transporting nutrients and purifying water naturally through filtration as it flows through different layers of the Earth's surface.
What is the primary function of the water cycle?
- A. To generate energy
- B. To transport nutrients
- C. To support life and maintain climate
- D. To produce oxygen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is to support life and maintain climate. The water cycle is essential for all forms of life as it ensures the distribution of water, replenishment of groundwater supplies, and natural purification of water through filtration. Furthermore, the cycle plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by influencing temperature and weather patterns. While energy generation, nutrient transportation, and oxygen production are important processes, they are not the primary function of the water cycle.
Electrocardiogram The rhythmic sounds of "beep... beep... beep..." signify the measurement of the heart muscle's strength. This rhythmic signal varies from person to person and is recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG). Within the body, a complex array of systemic neural responses generates electric currents that can be detected on the skin's surface. When a person is connected to an amplifier, these impulses are captured by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information gathered pertains to the heart, as it emits electric currents in waves. This "wave of excitation" propagates through the heart wall and is associated with electrical changes. The process occurs in three distinct phases. First, the "wave of excitation," accompanied by an electrical change, lasts for about 1 to 2 seconds following the contraction of the cardiac muscle. These electrical impulses are rhythmically discharged from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, signaling the atrium to contract. The peak of the ECG reading is attributed to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which triggers the excitation of the ventricles. Finally, as the ventricles relax, any changes in the wave pattern can alert trained medical personnel to potential abnormalities within the heart.
What is the meaning of the word 'emitting' as it is used in the second paragraph?
- A. Repelling
- B. Releasing
- C. Closing
- D. Charging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The word 'emitting' in the context of the second paragraph refers to the action of releasing electric currents. The passage
explains how electric currents are emitted in the body and can be detected on the body's surface. Therefore, the correct answer is 'B: Releasing,' as it accurately reflects the process of electric currents being emitted or released.