Reading Comprehension

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Nurseries: If you thought nurseries were just for babies, well, think again! Being special kinds of farms, nurseries are used to raise plants in mass quantities. Plants, trees, and shrubs are typically grown in nurseries and then sold to farmers and gardeners to plant in homes, businesses, and farms. Most nurseries are found in the more rural parts of the country because much land is required to have a viable nursery. If a nursery sells plants to others, it must obtain a special permit from the local city or county, which keeps the competition fair and does not saturate the market with a large number of nurseries selling similar products.
Also on the grounds of nurseries are greenhouses which are made of glass or plastic panes that protect the plants from weather elements that may harm them and cause them not to grow and develop. The glass panels in greenhouses allow for sunlight to enter and moisture to be trapped inside. This creates a tropical environment which allows orchids and poinsettias to grow. It ensures that vegetables and fruits will grow large, which makes them valuable to farmers.

By writing this piece the author implied that

  • A. Nurseries are a nuisance to cities and counties.
  • B. Greenhouses are not necessary to grow flowers.
  • C. Nurseries are only for babies.
  • D. Nurseries are helpful to farmers.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nurseries are helpful to farmers. The author explicitly states that nurseries raise plants in mass quantities, which are then sold to farmers and gardeners. This implies that nurseries play a crucial role in providing plants for agricultural purposes, making them helpful to farmers. The passage also mentions that nurseries require special permits to sell plants, ensuring fair competition and preventing market saturation, further highlighting their importance to farmers.

Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not state that nurseries are a nuisance to cities and counties. Choice B is incorrect as greenhouses are portrayed as essential for protecting plants from harmful weather elements. Choice C is incorrect as the passage clearly states that nurseries are used to raise plants, trees, and shrubs, not just for babies.

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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.

What would likely happen if chlorophyll were absent in plants?

  • A. The rate of photosynthesis would increase
  • B. Plants would not be able to capture light energy effectively
  • C. Plants would produce more oxygen
  • D. The Calvin cycle would be more efficient
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: If chlorophyll were absent in plants, they would not be able to capture light energy effectively. Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis. Without chlorophyll, plants would lack the key component needed to convert light energy into chemical energy, resulting in a significant impairment of the photosynthesis process. This would lead to a decrease in the plant's ability to produce sugars and oxygen, ultimately impacting their growth and survival. Therefore, option B is the correct answer as the absence of chlorophyll would hinder the plant's ability to capture light energy efficiently.

Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyā€™s cardiovascular system. The bodyā€™s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyā€™s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.

What is a major difference in the way baroreceptors and chemoreceptors work from the way the kidneys work?

  • A. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors both work within the wall of the arteries, sending out impulses to raise or lower blood pressure, whereas the kidneys help control blood volume.
  • B. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors both work to help maintain blood volume, whereas the kidneys take care of salts, water, and waste removal.
  • C. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors must work together to control blood pressure, whereas the kidneys work with the adrenal cortex.
  • D. Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are both located near the adrenal cortex, whereas the kidneys are located near the heart.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors function by sensing changes in the body's blood pressure within the walls of the arteries and sending signals to raise or lower blood pressure accordingly. On the other hand, the kidneys play a role in controlling blood volume by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. This contrast highlights a major difference between how baroreceptors/chemoreceptors regulate blood pressure and how the kidneys manage blood volume. While the former adjust blood pressure directly, the kidneys affect blood volume, which indirectly influences blood pressure. Therefore, option A correctly distinguishes the roles of baroreceptors/chemoreceptors and kidneys in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis.

For what type of writing was Mr. Asimov most famous for?

For what type of writing was Mr. Asimov most famous?

  • A. Juvenile fiction
  • B. Mystery
  • C. Popular science
  • D. Science fiction writing
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mr. Asimov was most famous for his works in science fiction writing. He was a prolific writer in this genre, known for his influential and groundbreaking contributions to science fiction literature. Asimov's works often explored scientific concepts and imagined futuristic scenarios, solidifying his legacy as one of the most renowned science fiction authors.

The Electoral College: The Electoral College has nothing to do with college and contains no students. The Electoral College consists of votes that each state acquires based on the number of representatives it has in Congress.
Each state has two electoral votes because each state has two senators. The remaining electoral votes are determined by the number of Congressmen, the number of which is based on the population of the state established by the Census taken each decade.
During the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that particular state. It’s all very confusing, but the founding fathers knew what they were doing. By having and using the Electoral College, candidates campaign in every state, but just because they win the popular vote across the country
doesn’t mean they will always win the election. Case in point, in election 2000, Al Gore won
the popular vote across the country, but George W. Bush won more electoral votes. Therefore he became our 43rd president.

Which statement from the passage is a fact?

  • A. Each state casts their electoral votes during the Presidential election.
  • B. Candidates only campaign in states where they think they can win.
  • C. The Electoral College is a college in Washington D.C.
  • D. The government randomly assigns electoral votes to states.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Each state casts their electoral votes during the Presidential election. This statement is a fact because it accurately describes the process of how each state participates in the Electoral College by casting their electoral votes based on the popular vote within that state.

Rationale:
1. The passage clearly states that during the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that particular state. This confirms that each state indeed casts their electoral votes.
2. The Electoral College is a system where states cast their electoral votes, not the candidates. Therefore, the statement accurately reflects the role of states in the process.

Summary:
Choice A is the correct answer as it aligns with the explanation provided in the passage about how each state participates in the Electoral College by casting their electoral votes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the factual information provided in the passage.

People of Hispanic origin were on the North American continent centuries before settlers arrived
from Europe in the early 1600s and the thirteen colonies joined together to form the United
States in the late 1700s. The first census of the new nation was conducted in 1790, and counted about four million people, most of whom were white. Of the white citizens, more than 80%
traced their ancestry back to England. There were close to 700,000 slaves and about 60,000 "free Negroes". Only a few Native American Indians who paid taxes were included in the census count, but the total Native American population was probably about one million. By 1815, the population of the United States was 8.4 million. Over the next 100 years, the
country took in about 35 million immigrants, with the greatest numbers coming in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In 1882, 40,000 Chinese arrived, and between 1900 and 1907, there were more
than 30,000 Japanese immigrants. But by far, the largest numbers of the new immigrants were
from central, eastern, and southern Europe. An enormous amount of racial and ethnic assimilation has taken place in the United States. In 1908, play-write Israel Zangwill first used the term "melting pot" to describe the concept of a place where many races melted in a crucible and re-formed to populate a new land. Some years during the first two decades of the 20th century, there were as many as one million new
immigrants per year, an astonishing 1 percent of the total population of the United States.
In 1921, however, the country began to limit immigration, and the Immigration Act of 1924
virtually closed the door. The total number of immigrants admitted per year dropped from as many as a million to only 150,000. A quota system was established that specified the number of
immigrants that could come from each country. It heavily favored immigrants from northern and western Europe and severely limited everyone else. This system remained in effect until 1965, although after World War II, several exceptions were made to the quota system to allow in
groups of refugees.

To whom does the word 'their' in line 5 refer?

  • A. immigrants
  • B. people of Hispanic origin
  • C. white citizens
  • D. Native Americans
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The word 'their' in line 5 refers to 'white citizens' as it states that more than 80% of the white citizens traced their ancestry back to England. Therefore, the correct answer is C - white citizens.

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