Psychological Exam

Psychological Exam Related

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Why is it discouraged to use terms such as 'schizophrenic', 'autistic', and 'retarded' when referring to people with mental illness?

  • A. These terms are no longer in the DSM
  • B. There are only a small number of people diagnosed with these terms
  • C. There is nothing wrong in using these terms
  • D. Because people with mental illness are not defined by their condition
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: It is discouraged to use terms like 'schizophrenic', 'autistic', and 'retarded' when referring to people with mental illness because people with mental illness should not be defined solely by their condition. Using such labels can reduce individuals to just their diagnosis, overlooking their individuality and other aspects of their identity. It is essential to treat individuals with mental illness with respect and dignity, focusing on their humanity rather than reducing them to a label. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the main reason for discouraging these terms lies in not defining individuals by their conditions, rather than the terms being in or out of the DSM, the number of diagnosed individuals, or the perception of whether there is anything wrong with using such terms.

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Which theoretical orientation insisted on the verifiability of observation?

  • A. Structuralism.
  • B. Functionalism.
  • C. Behaviorism.
  • D. Psychoanalysis.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Behaviorism. Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, making it essential for observations to be verifiable. Structuralism (A) focuses on the structure of the mind, not verifiability of observations. Functionalism (B) emphasizes the functions of the mind rather than verification of observations. Psychoanalysis (D) delves into the unconscious mind and conflicts, not specifically on the verifiability of observations.

_______ memory stores information about facts, whereas _______ memory stores information about our personal experiences.

  • A. Declarative, episodic
  • B. Episodic, semantic
  • C. Semantic, nondeclarative
  • D. Semantic, episodic
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Semantic, episodic." Semantic memory is responsible for storing factual information, such as concepts and general knowledge. Episodic memory, on the other hand, stores personal experiences and events. Choice A is incorrect because declarative memory is an umbrella term that includes both semantic and episodic memory, so it is not a direct contrast. Choice B is incorrect as it switches the definitions of episodic and semantic memory. Choice C is incorrect because nondeclarative memory refers to implicit or procedural memory, which is different from episodic memory.

Which of the following groups of psychologists would be most likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?

  • A. Behaviorists
  • B. Psychoanalysts
  • C. Humanists
  • D. Gestalt psychologists
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Humanists. Humanistic psychologists emphasize individual uniqueness, freedom, and the potential for personal growth. They believe in the importance of personal experiences and self-actualization. Behaviorists (choice A) focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences. Psychoanalysts (choice B) are more concerned with unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Gestalt psychologists (choice D) concentrate on perception and the organization of experience, rather than individual uniqueness and personal growth.

Which term refers to events that typically happen to everyone at certain times of life?

  • A. Normative age-graded influence
  • B. Social clock
  • C. Sensitive period
  • D. Normative history-graded influences
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Normative age-graded influence. Normative age-graded influences are events that typically happen to everyone at certain life stages, such as marriage, parenthood, puberty, and menopause. Choice B, 'Social clock,' refers to the culturally preferred timing of social events. Choice C, 'Sensitive period,' represents a time when a particular development occurs most easily. Choice D, 'Normative history-graded influences,' are common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances.

Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?

  • A. Behavioral perspective.
  • B. Cognitive perspective.
  • C. Humanistic perspective.
  • D. Evolutionary perspective.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Professor Immel's belief that behaviors in certain species serve an adaptive function aligns with the evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary perspective posits that behaviors have developed over time because they provide an advantage for survival and reproduction. This perspective emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping behaviors based on their adaptive value. Choices A, B, and C do not specifically address the idea that behaviors have evolved to serve specific functions for survival, making them inconsistent with Professor Immel's beliefs.

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