Nokea
Why is it important to monitor ins and outs with patients using ACE inhibitors?
- A. To assess for renal impairment
- B. You must make sure the patient is receiving adequate fluid intake
- C. To assess the patient for potential heart failure
- D. To assess for decreased blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: It is important to monitor ins and outs with patients using ACE inhibitors to assess for decreased blood pressure. ACE inhibitors are known to lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels, which can sometimes lead to hypotension (low blood pressure). Monitoring the patient's fluid intake and output helps healthcare providers evaluate the patient's blood pressure response to the medication and make necessary adjustments to prevent complications such as dizziness, falls, or fainting. Regular monitoring is crucial to ensure the patient's safety and optimize the effectiveness of ACE inhibitor therapy.
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ACE inhibitors…
- A. Block the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone from producing effects of angiotensin II at the receptor site
- B. Blocks stimulation of beta 1 and beta 2 at the receptor sites
- C. Blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, work by blocking the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is responsible for converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II. By inhibiting this conversion, ACE inhibitors prevent the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-stimulating effects of angiotensin II at the receptor sites. This leads to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced aldosterone secretion. This mechanism of action makes ACE inhibitors an important class of medications for managing conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
A local municipality is alerted that low doses of carbon tetrachloride have been dumped into the drinking water. A public health alert is transmitted to all residents of this town. Which of the following signs and symptoms should these residents be aware of?
- A. Convulsions
- B. Eye irritation
- C. Nausea
- D. Stupor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carbon tetrachloride exposure causes nausea , reflecting GI and hepatic toxicity. Convulsions and stupor occur with high doses. Eye irritation and vomiting (E) are less specific. Low-dose ingestion aligns with nausea as a primary symptom.
Action of tranexamic acid
- A. antiplatelet
- B. fibrinolytic
- C. antifibrinolytic
- D. anticoagulant
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent, which means it works by inhibiting the breakdown of blood clots. It does this by blocking the activation of plasmin, which is responsible for breaking down fibrin clots. This action helps in promoting clot stability and reducing bleeding. Tranexamic acid is commonly used to treat or prevent excessive bleeding in various conditions, such as heavy menstrual bleeding, surgery, trauma, and certain medical procedures.
Which of the following is NOT an opioid or NSAID?
- A. Morphine
- B. Ibuprofen
- C. Hydromorpho
- D. Acetaminoph en
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetaminophen is not an opioid or NSAID. It is a pain reliever and fever reducer, but it works in a different way compared to opioids and NSAIDs. Unlike opioids, acetaminophen does not have the same risk of physical dependence or addiction. And unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory properties. It is often used for mild to moderate pain relief and as a fever reducer. Be cautious when taking acetaminophen, as high doses can be harmful to the liver.
The specificity of the adrenergic blocking agents allows the clinician to select a drug to do what?
- A. Have the desired effect
- B. Multiply undesired effects
- C. Increase specificity with higher serum blood levels
- D. Improving concentration in the body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This specificity allows the clinician to select a drug that will have the desired therapeutic effects without the undesired effects that occur when the entire sympathetic nervous system is blocked. In general, however, the specificity of adrenergic blocking agents depends on the concentration of drug in the body. Most specificity is lost with higher serum drug levels. The nurse should understand the importance of drug specificity to ensure safe and effective administration.