Nokea
Widal test is used to diagnose
- A. Syphilis
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. AIDS
- D. Lyme disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Widal test is used to diagnose typhoid fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The test detects antibodies produced in response to the bacteria. Positive results indicate a current or past infection with typhoid fever. Choice A (Syphilis) is incorrect as it is diagnosed using different tests like RPR or TPPA. Choice C (AIDS) is diagnosed with HIV tests like ELISA or Western blot. Choice D (Lyme disease) is diagnosed using tests like ELISA or Western blot specific for Borrelia burgdorferi.
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The causative agent of bacterial dysentery belongs to which of the following genera?
- A. Genus Shigella
- B. Genus Salmonella
- C. Genus Klebsiella
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genus Shigella. Shigella is known to be the causative agent of bacterial dysentery. It invades the intestinal lining, leading to symptoms like severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Salmonella (choice B) typically causes food poisoning, not dysentery. Klebsiella (choice C) is associated with pneumonia and urinary tract infections, not dysentery. "None of the above" (choice D) is incorrect as Shigella does belong to a specific genus responsible for bacterial dysentery.
A 32-year-old patient undergoing dental examination was found to have some rash-like lesions resembling secondary syphilis in the oral cavity. The patient was referred for the serological study with the purpose of diagnosis confirmation. In order to detect antibodies in the serum, living Treponema were used as diagnosticum. What serological test was performed?
- A. Immobilization
- B. Passive hemagglutination
- C. Precipitation
- D. Complement binding
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Passive hemagglutination. In this test, red blood cells coated with Treponema antigens agglutinate in the presence of patient's serum antibodies. This indicates the presence of antibodies against Treponema, confirming the diagnosis.
A: Immobilization test uses live Treponema to detect specific antibodies, but it is not commonly used for syphilis diagnosis.
C: Precipitation test is not commonly used for syphilis diagnosis.
D: Complement binding test is not specific for syphilis and is used more for autoimmune diseases.
Therefore, passive hemagglutination is the most appropriate serological test in this case due to its specificity and relevance to the presentation of the patient.
Which of the following is likely to be the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens?
- A. Skin
- B. Gastrointestinal tract
- C. Respiratory tract
- D. Conjunctiva
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Respiratory tract. The respiratory tract is likely the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens because it is constantly exposed to the external environment and has a large surface area lined with mucous membranes that can trap and facilitate the entry of pathogens. Additionally, the respiratory tract serves as a direct pathway for pathogens to reach the bloodstream and other organs. Skin (choice A) is a physical barrier that can prevent pathogen entry, while the gastrointestinal tract (choice B) has acidic pH and enzymes that can kill many pathogens. Conjunctiva (choice D) is a less common portal of entry compared to the respiratory tract due to its smaller surface area and protective mechanisms such as tears.
Infectious process is:
- A. Clinically manifested disease
- B. Infectious disease with typical symptoms
- C. Interrelation between the macro- and micro organism
- D. Ambulatory form of infection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Infectious process involves interactions between macro and microorganisms.
2. It is not limited to manifested diseases or typical symptoms.
3. The process can occur without leading to a full-blown infectious disease.
4. Choice C correctly captures the dynamic relationship between different organisms.
Summary:
- A: Incorrect - Infectious process is not solely about clinically manifested diseases.
- B: Incorrect - Not all infectious diseases have typical symptoms.
- D: Incorrect - Ambulatory form is a specific type, not encompassing all infectious processes.
The causative agent of typhoid fever is:
- A. Shigella dysenteriae
- B. Vibrio cholerae
- C. Salmonella typhi
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, specifically transmitted through contaminated food and water. Shigella dysenteriae causes bacillary dysentery, Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, and Escherichia coli can cause various gastrointestinal illnesses, but not typhoid fever. Identifying the causative agent is crucial for effective treatment and prevention strategies.