Nokea
A patient with skin mycosis has disorder of cellular immunity. The most typical characteristic of it is reduction of the following index:
- A. T-lymphocytes
- B. Immunoglobulin G
- C. Immunoglobulin E
- D. B-lymphocytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: T-lymphocytes. In skin mycosis, a disorder of cellular immunity indicates a deficiency in T-lymphocytes, which play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. T-lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and destroying infected cells. Reduction in T-lymphocytes impairs the body's ability to fight fungal infections.
Incorrect choices:
B: Immunoglobulin G - Immunoglobulin G is involved in humoral immunity, not cellular immunity.
C: Immunoglobulin E - Immunoglobulin E is typically associated with allergic responses, not cellular immunity.
D: B-lymphocytes - B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies in humoral immunity, not directly involved in cell-mediated immunity.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of these is not a factor counteracting the mechanisms of the immune system:
- A. Antigenic heterogeneity
- B. Antigenic mimicry
- C. Synthesis of IgA proteases
- D. Hyaluronidase synthesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hyaluronidase synthesis. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme produced by some pathogens to break down hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix, aiding their spread. This action does not directly counteract the immune system's mechanisms. Antigenic heterogeneity and mimicry can evade immune recognition. IgA proteases degrade IgA antibodies, impairing mucosal immunity. Therefore, D is the only choice not directly involved in counteracting the immune system.
Widal test is used to diagnose
- A. Syphilis
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. AIDS
- D. Lyme disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Widal test is used to diagnose typhoid fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The test detects antibodies produced in response to the bacteria. Positive results indicate a current or past infection with typhoid fever. Choice A (Syphilis) is incorrect as it is diagnosed using different tests like RPR or TPPA. Choice C (AIDS) is diagnosed with HIV tests like ELISA or Western blot. Choice D (Lyme disease) is diagnosed using tests like ELISA or Western blot specific for Borrelia burgdorferi.
The specific binding of HIV to the CD4 surface molecules of the target cells is brought about by:
- A. Gp120
- B. Gp41
- C. Gp32
- D. Gp55
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gp120. Gp120 is a glycoprotein on the surface of the HIV virus that specifically binds to the CD4 receptor on target cells. This binding is essential for the virus to enter the host cell and initiate the infection process. Gp41 is another glycoprotein on the virus that helps with membrane fusion, not binding to CD4. Gp32 and Gp55 are not involved in the specific binding of HIV to CD4 molecules. So, A is correct as it directly plays a key role in the initial attachment of HIV to target cells.
The complex of all biological processes/mechanisms responsible for the state of steady internal, physical and chemical conditions in the living systems and defense against all foreign agents is knows as:
- A. infection
- B. homeostasis
- C. immunity
- D. commensalism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various biological processes and mechanisms that regulate factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient levels within narrow limits. This is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs.
Now, let's analyze the other choices:
A: Infection - Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of harmful microorganisms in the body, leading to illnesses. It is not the correct answer as it does not encompass the overall maintenance of internal conditions.
C: Immunity - Immunity is the body's ability to resist and fight off infections. While immunity is related to defense against foreign agents, it does not fully capture the concept of maintaining internal stability.
D: Commensalism - Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between different species where one benefits without harming the other. It is not related to the overall regulation of
During the examination of a patient, who had been to the mountain pasture and had been hospitalized in a bad condition with fever, the doctor found out the enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes to 8 cm, which were attached to the surrounding tissues, immovable, the skin above them was red and tender. The microscopic examination of the node revealed acute serohemorrhagic inflammation. What disease is it typical for?
- A. Brucellosis
- B. Plague
- C. Anthrax
- D. Tularemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The patient has symptoms of fever, enlarged lymph nodes, red and tender skin, which are indicative of systemic infection.
2. The inguinal lymph nodes in plague become enlarged, tender, and painful, forming buboes.
3. The presence of acute serohemorrhagic inflammation in the lymph node is characteristic of plague.
4. Plague is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, commonly transmitted through fleas from rodents.
5. Brucellosis, anthrax, and tularemia do not typically present with inguinal lymph node involvement and acute serohemorrhagic inflammation.
Summary:
- Brucellosis: Usually presents with flu-like symptoms, joint pain, and fever, not inguinal lymph node enlargement.
- Anthrax: Presents with skin lesions, respiratory symptoms, or gastrointestinal symptoms, not inguinal lymph node involvement.
- Tularemia: Presents with fever, skin ulcers,