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With regard to chromosome abnormalities, nurses should be aware that:
- A. They occur in approximately 10% of newborns.
- B. Abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss.
- C. Down syndrome is a result of an abnormal chromosome structure.
- D. Unbalanced translocation results in a mild abnormality that the child will outgrow.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aneuploidy is an abnormality of number that also is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation.
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A patient at 13 weeks gestation asks the nurse how her baby is nourished during pregnancy. Which information does the nurse use to explain the process to the mother?
- A. Fetal waste products and CO2 pass through the placenta to the mother.
- B. The placenta is a special organ developed to create nutrients and oxygen.
- C. The mother’s blood and fetus’s blood mix for an exchange of nutrients.
- D. Glucose, amino acids, and oxygen pass through the placenta from mother to baby.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice D being correct:
1. Glucose, amino acids, and oxygen are essential nutrients for fetal growth.
2. These nutrients pass through the placenta from the mother's blood to the baby's blood.
3. This exchange occurs via diffusion and active transport processes.
4. The placenta acts as a barrier, filtering out harmful substances like waste products and CO2.
5. This process ensures the baby receives necessary nutrients for development.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Fetal waste products and CO2 pass from the baby to the mother, not the other way around.
B: The placenta facilitates nutrient and oxygen exchange but does not create them.
C: The mother's and baby's blood do not mix; exchange of nutrients occurs through the placental barrier.
The nurse is reviewing the schedule for the OB/GYN she works for. In reviewing a patient’s chart, the nurse notes the patient is 32 weeks pregnant, has hypertension, and had a previous fetal death. What test does the nurse anticipate the provider will order?
- A. a contraction stress test
- B. amniotic fluid index
- C. nonstress test
- D. fetal movement count
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: nonstress test. A nonstress test is used to assess fetal well-being by monitoring the baby's heart rate in response to its own movements. In this case, the patient's history of hypertension and previous fetal death indicate a higher risk pregnancy, making it important to monitor the baby's well-being. A contraction stress test (choice A) is not suitable for a patient with hypertension as it can induce contractions and potentially harm the baby. An amniotic fluid index (choice B) is used to evaluate amniotic fluid levels and is not specific to this patient's situation. Fetal movement count (choice D) assesses the baby's movements but does not provide real-time information on fetal well-being like a nonstress test does.
What initiates the shedding of the endometrial lining in a nonpregnant woman?
- A. None
- B. A drop in estrogen and progesterone.
- C. None
- D. None
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Decreased levels of these hormones cause menstruation.
The nurse is auscultating the fetal heart rate (FHR) on a patient at 37 weeks’ gestation. The nurse notes a line of darkened pigmentation on the pregnant person’s abdomen starting at the symphysis pubis and ending at the sternum. How does the nurse document this finding?
- A. cholasma
- B. linea nigra
- C. spider nevi
- D. striae gravidarum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: linea nigra. The linea nigra is a darkened pigmented line that runs from the symphysis pubis to the sternum in pregnant individuals. This line is a normal finding in pregnancy due to hormonal changes. It is important for the nurse to document this finding accurately as it is a common physiological change.
Rationale:
1. Cholasma (A) is also known as the mask of pregnancy, presenting as dark patches on the face.
2. Spider nevi (C) are small, dilated blood vessels on the skin, not related to the linea nigra.
3. Striae gravidarum (D) are stretch marks that occur due to rapid stretching of the skin during pregnancy, not related to the pigmented line.
In summary, the correct answer is B because the darkened line described is characteristic of linea nigra, a common finding in pregnancy, while the other choices are unrelated to this specific observation.
Fetal circulation includes 3 shunts. Match each shunt to its physiologic action. Ductus venosus
- A. Connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta, bypassing the lungs.
- B. Connects the right and left atria.
- C. Connects the right and left ventricles.
- D. Allows the umbilical vein to bypass the liver to flow into the inferior vena cava.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ductus venosus allows the umbilical vein to bypass the liver.