Nokea
Women who __________ tend to reach menopause earlier.
- A. have had two or more children
- B. do not smoke
- C. have not borne children
- D. have borne twins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'have not borne children.' Women who have not borne children may experience menopause earlier due to lower levels of certain reproductive hormones. Having two or more children (choice A) is not typically associated with reaching menopause earlier. Smoking (choice B) is known to have negative effects on menopause but does not necessarily cause it to happen earlier. Borne twins (choice D) is a specific scenario and not a general factor influencing the timing of menopause.
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Most cognitive aging research has focused on intellectual ________.
- A. stability
- B. gains
- C. competence
- D. deficits
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: deficits.' Most cognitive aging research has indeed focused on deficits rather than stability, gains, or competence. Studies have consistently shown that deficits in processing speed and memory are common in aging individuals, making it a primary area of interest in research. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cognitive aging research primarily aims to understand and address deficits associated with aging rather than focusing on stability, gains, or overall competence.
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.
- A. sensorimotor reflex
- B. circular reaction
- C. mental representation
- D. goal-directed behavior
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.
In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.
- A. insecure-avoidant
- B. insecure-resistant
- C. disorganized/disoriented
- D. secure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'secure.' Research shows that the secure attachment pattern is the most common across various societies. In this pattern, children feel safe, secure, and loved, allowing them to explore the world and seek comfort from their caregivers when needed. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while these attachment patterns exist, they are not as prevalent or universal as the secure attachment pattern. Insecure-avoidant attachment involves children avoiding or ignoring their caregiver, insecure-resistant attachment consists of ambivalence and mixed emotions towards the caregiver, and disorganized/disoriented attachment is characterized by inconsistent and often chaotic behaviors towards the caregiver.
By age 2, children __________.
- A. take turns in face-to-face interaction
- B. can infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention
- C. adjust their speech to fit the age of their listeners
- D. adjust their speech to fit the social status of their listeners
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: By age 2, children are capable of adjusting their speech to fit the age of their listeners, showing early social cognition. Choice A is incorrect because taking turns in face-to-face interaction typically develops later in childhood. Choice B is incorrect as the ability to infer a speaker's indirectly expressed intention is a more advanced skill not typically seen at age 2. Choice D is also incorrect as children at age 2 are not developmentally ready to adjust their speech based on the social status of their listeners.
During adolescence, the young person's vision of self becomes __________.
- A. more inconsistent
- B. more well-organized
- C. less complex
- D. unbalanced
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During adolescence, self-concept becomes more organized and consistent as individuals integrate different aspects of their identity. This process involves understanding oneself better, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, and forming a more coherent sense of identity. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because adolescence is typically a period of increased self-awareness and growth, leading to a more structured and integrated self-concept, rather than one that is inconsistent, less complex, or unbalanced.