Nokea
Basic emotions __________.
- A. appear in the middle of the second year
- B. are universal in humans
- C. are found only among humans
- D. involve injury to our sense of self
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Basic emotions like happiness, sadness, and anger are universal across humans, meaning they are experienced by people worldwide regardless of cultural differences. These emotions are not limited to a specific group of individuals or exclusive to humans; they are observed in various species. Choice A is incorrect because basic emotions actually appear early in life, not specifically in the middle of the second year. Choice C is incorrect as basic emotions are not exclusive to humans but are observed in other animals as well. Choice D is incorrect because basic emotions do not necessarily involve injury to our sense of self, but rather represent fundamental and instinctual feelings that are part of human nature.
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Among all Western nations, which country has the highest percentage of extremely poor children?
- A. the United States
- B. Canada
- C. Germany
- D. France
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'the United States.' According to the information provided, the United States has the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations. This is supported by the extract, which states that the United States leads in this aspect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the question specifically asks for the country with the highest percentage of extremely poor children among Western nations, which is the United States.
What did John Bowlby believe?
- A. Adults and more expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities.
- B. The infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.
- C. Parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.
- D. Attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: John Bowlby believed that the infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships. This is supported by his theory of attachment, where he emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences in shaping individuals' future relationships. Choice A is incorrect as it does not reflect Bowlby's main focus on attachment theory. Choice C is incorrect as Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is more than just instinctual. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's work actually paved the way for the study of attachment patterns in humans.
Most cognitive aging research has focused on intellectual ________.
- A. stability
- B. gains
- C. competence
- D. deficits
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: deficits.' Most cognitive aging research has indeed focused on deficits rather than stability, gains, or competence. Studies have consistently shown that deficits in processing speed and memory are common in aging individuals, making it a primary area of interest in research. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cognitive aging research primarily aims to understand and address deficits associated with aging rather than focusing on stability, gains, or overall competence.
__________, especially, are more insistent that __________ conform to gender roles.
- A. Mothers; boys
- B. Mothers; girls
- C. Fathers; girls
- D. Fathers; boys
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Fathers; boys.' The extract provided indicates that fathers are particularly insistent that boys adhere to traditional gender roles, emphasizing masculinity. This is a common stereotype where fathers often push their sons to conform to societal expectations of masculinity. Choices A and B are incorrect because the extract specifies fathers, not mothers. Choice C is incorrect as it pairs fathers with girls, which is not supported by the provided information.
Who believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction?
- A. Jean Piaget
- B. Ren©e Baillargeon
- C. Noam Chomsky
- D. Lev Vygotsky
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural tools in the development of higher cognitive functions. Jean Piaget focused more on individual cognitive development stages, Ren©e Baillargeon is known for her work in infant cognition and object permanence, and Noam Chomsky is renowned for his theories in linguistics and the study of language.